Listen to the following passage. Write in English a short summary of 150-200 wor

游客2023-12-24  19

问题 Listen to the following passage. Write in English a short summary of 150-200 words of what you have heard on the ANSWER SHEET. You will hear the passage only once and then you will have 25 minutes to finish your summary. This part of the test carries 20 points. You may need to scribble a few notes to write your summary.
Research on the bilingual brain has gone through several stages over the years as scientists unlock more of the neurological secrets of the bilingual brain. They’re learning that speaking more than one language may have cognitive benefits that extend from childhood into old age.
        Until fairly recently, parents and educators feared that exposing children to a second language at too early an age might not only delay their language skills but harm their intellectual growth. New research, however, has found that bilingual children reach language milestones, such as first word and first fifty words, at the same age as monolingual children. Nor do they show any evidence of being "language confused". Indeed, young infants are able to use rhythmical cues to keep their two languages distinct, and do so from the first days of life.
        In fact, being bilingual may give children an advantage at school. Bilingual preschoolers have been found to be better able than their monolingual peers at focusing on a task while tuning out distractions. A similar enhanced ability to concentrate, a sign of a well-functioning working memory, has been found in bilingual adults, particularly those who became fluent in two languages at an early age. It may be that managing two languages helps the brain sharpen and retain its ability to focus while ignoring irrelevant information.
        Other research suggests that bilingualism may delay the onset of age-related dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, by up to four years. Although scientists don’t know why bilingualism creates this "cognitive reserve", some theorize that speaking two languages may increase blood and oxygen flow to the brain and keep nerve connections healthy — factors thought to help ward off dementia.
        More recently, scientists have discovered that bilingual adults have denser gray matter, which is brain tissue packed with information-processing nerve cells and fibers, especially in the brain’s left hemisphere, where most language and communication skills are controlled. The effect is strongest in people who learned a second language before the age of five and in those who are most proficient at their second language. This finding suggests that being bilingual from an early age significantly alters the brain’s structure.
        Finally, neuroscience research is showing promise for evaluating and treating bilingual patients who lose the ability to produce or understand speech after a brain injury. Research is showing that rehabilitation efforts that use both languages, not just one — even a patient’s native language — hold the greatest promise for recovery. How exactly it works remains a research interest requiring more advanced technology to probe into.

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答案        With more neurological findings on the bilingual brain, it turns out that speaking more than one language may have cognitive benefits that extend from childhood into old age.
       People have feared that exposing children to a second language at too early an age might have adverse effects on their language skills and intellectual growth. New research, however, has found that bilingual children reach language milestones at the same age as monolingual children. And they do not show any evidence of being "language confused". In fact, being bilingual may give children an advantage at school.
       Other research suggests that bilingualism may delay age-related dementia. While the exact reason remains unknown, some think speaking two languages may increase blood and oxygen flow.
       More recently, scientists have discovered that bilingual adults have denser gray matter. Findings have suggested that being bilingual from an early age significantly alters the brain’s structure.
       Finally, it is promising that neuroscience research can be applied to evaluate and treat bilingual patients who lose the ability to speak or understand speech after a brain injury.

解析         本文主要论述双语能力对人的认知带来的益处。文章采取总分的结构,第一段点明中心论点,即说不止一种语言可能对人的认知有好处,并且这种好处是贯穿一生的。第二、三段论述的是少儿时期的影响,首先从人们所持负面态度引入,然后通过研究进行反驳,说明双语环境对儿童不会产生人们所忧虑的负面影响,进而指出双语能力给少儿带来的好处。接下来,文章由少儿时期往后推进,论述双语能力对与年纪增长有关的疾病的推迟作用。然后,文章从科学的角度,介绍双语能力对成年人大脑灰质的影响,并通过研究结果说明少儿时期开始掌握两种语言会对大脑结构产生巨大的影响。最后,文章指出神经科学研究有望应用于评估和治疗拥有双语能力的脑损伤患者,即用两种语言进行治疗或许更有助于康复。
综述的主要点:
1.Speaking more than one language may have cognitive benefits that extend from childhood into old age.本句是整篇文章的中心论点,是全文最重要的内容。
        要点表达:
        (1)Speaking more than one language may…结构
        (2)cognitive认知
        (3)benefit益处
2.In fact, being bilingual may give children an advantage at school.本句是文章主要内容的一个侧面,为第一个分论点。in fact这一词组指明了文章脉络的转向。
        要点表达:
        (1)In fact, being bilingual …结构
        (2)children儿童
3.Other research suggests that bilingualism may delay the onset of age-elated dementia by up to four years.本句是文章主要内容的另一个侧面,为第二个分论点。
        要点表达:
        (1)Other research suggests that…结构
        (2)delay延迟
        (3)age-related与年纪相关的
4.More recently, scientists have discovered that bilingual adults have denser gray matter.本句是标记文章视角变化的句子,即从人外在的发展表现转向内在深入的大脑的变化。
        要点表达:
        (1)More recently…结构
        (2)denser密度更大的
        (3)gray matter灰质
5.Finally, neuroscience research is showing promise for evaluating and treating bilingual patients who lose the ability to produce or understand speech after a brain injury.该句是全文论述的最后一个侧面,进一步深化文 章论点的意义。
        要点表达:
        (1)Finally…结构
        (2)neuroscience 神经科学
        (3)bilingual patients双语患者
        (4)brain injury脑损伤
综述的次要点:
1. Scientists unlock more of the neurological secrets of the bilingual brain.该句是文章主要内容的奠基性信息,指出文章的出发点。
        要点表达:
        (1)Scientists unlock…结构
        (2)neurological神经学的
        (3)bilingual brain双语大脑
2. Parents and educators feared that exposing children to a second language at too early an age might not only delay their language skills but harm their intellectual growth.该句通过对观点的引用,从反面引出文章论述的主干内容。
        要点表达:
        (1)…feared that…结构
        (2)language skill语言能力
        (3)intellectual growth智力发育
3. New research, however, has found that bilingual children reach language milestones at the same age as monolingual children.该句以转折词however标记文章脉络走向,引出支持主干内容的具体信息。
        要点表达:
        (1)New research, however, has found that…结构
        (2)language milestones语言转折点
        (3)monolingual使用一种语言的
4. Nor do they show any evidence of being “language confused”.该句通过语句的衔接,为主干内容增添支持信息。.
        要点表达:
        (1)Nor do they…结构
        (2)confused疑惑的,混淆的,分不清的
5. Bilingual preschoolers have been found to be better able than their monolingual peers at focusing on a task while tuning out distractions.该句是支持文章观点的重要细节,使综述更加详尽。
        要点表达:
        (1)Bilingual preschoolers have been found…结构
        (2)focus注意力
        (3)distraction分散注意力的事
6. It may be that managing two languages helps the brain sharpen and retain its ability to focus while ignoring irrelevant information.该句是对文章观点的剖析与深化,切合文章视角进行分析论述。
        要点表达:
        (1)It may be that…结构
        (2)sharpen使敏锐
        (3)irrelevant无关的
7. Although scientists don’t know why bilingualism creates this “cognitive reserve” some theorize that speaking two languages may increase blood and oxygen flow.该句是对主干内容深层原因剖析的不同方面,使论述更加详尽。
        要点表达:
        (1)Although … some…结构
        (2)blood and oxygen flow血流量和供氧量
8. The effect is strongest in people who learned a second language before the age of five and in those who are most proficient at their second language.该句是支持文章主干内容的细节信息。
        要点表达:
        (1)The effect is strongest in…结构
        (2)before the age of five 5岁以前
        (3)proficient精通的
9. This finding suggests that being bilingual from an early age significantly alters the brain’s structure.该句是对文章段落的小结与对主要观点的进一步深入。
        要点表达:
        (1)This finding suggests…结构
        (2)brain’s structure大脑结构
10. Research is showing that rehabilitation efforts that use both languages, not just one hold the greatest promise for recovery.该句是对主干内容的具体阐述。
        要点表达:
        (1)Research is showing that…结构
        (2)rehabilitation/recovery康复
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