首页
登录
职称英语
In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the h
In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the h
游客
2023-12-20
56
管理
问题
In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the humblest samurai, found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords’ failure to adjust tog rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords’ control. Concentration of the samurai in castle towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samuri had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords’ income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in over- lords’ income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly invitable outcome of hereditary office holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.
It was difficult for individual samurai overloads to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was con- strained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government -owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of salver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.
Most of the country’s wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyokin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in a- mount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns’ search for solvency for the Government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet. [br] The passage suggests that, in eighteenth - century Japan, the office of tax collector ______.
选项
A、remained within families
B、took up most of the officeholder’ s time
C、was regarded with derision by many Japanese
D、was a source of personal profit to the officeholder
答案
A
解析
答案见第一段后半部分括号中内容。应选C,家族继承。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3290199.html
相关试题推荐
Emailcapturestheessenceoflifeatthecloseofthe20thcenturywithanauth
Emailcapturestheessenceoflifeatthecloseofthe20thcenturywithanauth
Emailcapturestheessenceoflifeatthecloseofthe20thcenturywithanauth
Emailcapturestheessenceoflifeatthecloseofthe20thcenturywithanauth
[originaltext]Iftheearthgetshotterinthenewcentury,whatwillhappen
Inthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,thefastesturbangrowthwasinWeste
Ineventhebleakestclimatechangescenariosfortheendofthiscentury,sc
Ineventhebleakestclimatechangescenariosfortheendofthiscentury,sc
Ineventhebleakestclimatechangescenariosfortheendofthiscentury,sc
Afteracenturyandahalfascordialneighbors,twoofthenation’sbiggest
随机试题
Amazonhasgivenintopublisherpressureandagreedtoabandontheir$9.99
[originaltext]M:Well,inanidealworld,Iguesswewouldallgetalongwitho
Lookingbackonmychildhood,Iamconvincedthatnaturalistsarebornandn
已知曲线的极坐标方程是,求该曲线上对应于处的切线与法线的直角坐标方程。
在采购办公用品过程中,办公室主任李某指使采购员张某伪造购物发票,多报销1000元
初始地籍调查工作开展时,要指定专人负责资料的()。A.输入存档 B.整理
简述体育学习评价的基本要求。
深交所某只上市股票某日最后一笔成交发生在14:59:30,成交价格为10.0
肺脾气虚属A.滋水涵木 B.培土生金 C.金水相生 D.抑木扶土 E.泻
能暖脾胃,固大肠,止泻痢,为治疗虚寒性泻痢之要药的药物是A.豆蔻 B.石榴皮
最新回复
(
0
)