首页
登录
职称英语
Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece us
Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece us
游客
2023-12-16
58
管理
问题
Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece used potions to fortify themselves before a contest, and their modern counterparts have everything from anabolic steroids and growth hormones to doses of extra red blood cells with which to invigorate their bodies. These days, however, such stimulants are frowned on, and those athletes must therefore run the gauntlet of organizations such as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which would rather that athletes competed without resorting to them.
The agencies have had remarkable success. Testing for anabolic steroids (in other words, artificial testosterone) was introduced in the 1970s, and the incidence of cheating seems to have fallen dramatically as a result. The tests, however, are not foolproof. And a study just published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism by Jenny Jakobsson Schulze and her colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden suggests that an individual’s genetic makeup could confound them in two different ways. One genotype, to use the jargon, may allow athletes who use anabolic steroids to escape detection altogether. Another may actually be convicting the innocent.
The test usually employed for testosterone abuse relies on measuring the ratio of two chemicals found in the urine: testosterone glucuronide (TG) and epitestosterone glucuronide (EG). The former is produced when testosterone is broken down, while the latter is unrelated to testosterone metabolism, and can thus serve as a reference point for the test. Any ratio above four of the former to one of the latter is, according to official Olympic policy, considered suspicious and leads to more tests.
However, the production of TG is controlled by an enzyme that is, in mm, encoded by a gene called UGT2B17. This gene comes in two varieties, one of which has a part missing and therefore does not work properly. A person may thus have none, one or two working copies of UGT2B17, since he inherits one copy from each parent. Dr. Schulze guessed that different numbers of working copies would produce different test results. She therefore gave healthy male volunteers whose genes had been examined a single 360mg shot of testosterone (the standard dose for legitimate medical use) and checked their urine to see whether the shot could be detected.
The result was remarkable. Nearly half of the men who carded no functional copies of UGT2B17 would have gone undetected in the standard doping test. By contrast, 14% of those with two functional copies of the gene were over the detection threshold before they had even received an injection. The researchers estimate this would give a false-positive testing rate of 9% in a random population of young men.
Dr. Schulze also says there is substantial ethnic variation in UGT2B17 genotypes. Twothirds of Asians have no functional copies of the gene (which means they have a naturally low ratio of TG to EG), compared with under a tenth of Caucasians—something the anti-doping bodies may wish to take into account.
In the meantime, Dr. Schulze’s study does seem to offer innocents a way of defending themselves. Athletes Raveling to Beijing for the Olympic games may be wise to travel armed not only with courage and the "spirit of Olympianism", but also with a copy of their genetic profile, just in case. [br] According to official Olympic policy, which of the following ratio between TG and EG is considered suspicious?
选项
A、1:1.
B、2.5:1.
C、3.3:1.
D、4.5:1.
答案
D
解析
第3段最后一句提到,根据奥林匹克官方政策,如果前者与后者的比值大于4:1,就有使用兴奋剂的嫌疑,各选项中只有D大于4:1,因此应选D。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3278716.html
相关试题推荐
Aseveryancientmarinerknew,travelingbysailisasimplewaytogo.Thoug
Sinceancienttimesithasbeenknownthatyourwordisacausesetinmotion
Sinceancienttimesithasbeenknownthatyourwordisacausesetinmotion
Sinceancienttimesithasbeenknownthatyourwordisacausesetinmotion
EversincetheancientRomansimposedtheirlanguageonneighboringbarbaria
Asyouknow,sciencehashadgreateffectonourlivessincetheancienttime
Aseveryancientmarinerknew,travelingbysailisasimplewaytogo.Thoug
Aseveryancientmarinerknew,travelingbysailisasimplewaytogo.Thoug
MarriageinAncientEgyptTheancientEgyptiansheldmar
MarriageinAncientEgyptTheancientEgyptiansheldmar
随机试题
Ifyouarethinkingabout______tothebeachfortheweekend,don’tmissWBNC’su
Despitethegeneralnegativefindings,itisimportanttorememberthatall
—DidyoutellJuliaabouttheresult?—Oh,no,Iforgot.I______hernow.A、will
WithinEUprimaryeducation,aclearmajorityofpupilschoosetostudyEngl
WhytheWarAgainstTerrorWillBoosttheEconomyThereisstill
对学生体育学习的形成性评价,重点应放在()。A.学习基础 B.学习条件
关于人类胚胎干细胞研究的伦理原则不正确的是A:尊重原则 B:知情同意原则 C
民事合同可以分为诺成合同与实践合同。下列合同中,属于实践合同的是( )。A.买
投资项目净现值为零时所对应指标的收益率称为( )。A.利息备付率B.内部收益率C
企业应建立的安全承诺包括()等内容。A.安全价值观 B.安全愿景 C.
最新回复
(
0
)