首页
登录
职称英语
People do not have secret trolleys at the supermarket, so how can it be a viol
People do not have secret trolleys at the supermarket, so how can it be a viol
游客
2023-12-16
34
管理
问题
People do not have secret trolleys at the supermarket, so how can it be a violation of their privacy if a grocer sells their purchasing habits to a marketing firm? If they walk around in public view, what harm can cameras recording their movements cause? A company is paying them to do a job, so why should it not read their e-mails when they are at work?
How, what and why, indeed. Yet, in all these situations, most people feel a sense of unease. The technology for gathering, storing, manipulating and sharing information has become part of the scenery, but there is little guidance on how to resolve the conflicts created by all the personal data now washing around.
A group of computer scientists at Stanford University, led by John. Mitchell, has started to address the problem in a novel way. Instead of relying on rigid (and easily programmable) codes of what is and is not acceptable, Dr. Mitchell and his colleagues Adam Barth and Anupam Datta have turned to a philosophical theory called contextual integrity. This theory acknowledges that people do not require complete privacy. They will happily share information with others as long as certain social norms are met. Only when these norms are contravened--for example, when your psychiatrist tells the personnel department all about your consultation--has your privacy been invaded. The team think contextual integrity can be used to express the conventions and laws surrounding privacy in the formal vernacular of a computer language.
Contextual integrity, which was developed by Helen Nissenbaum of New York University, relies on four classes of variable. These are the context of a flow of information, the capacities in which the individuals sending and receiving the information are acting, the types of information involved, and what she calls the "principle of transmission".
It is the fourth of these variables that describes the basis on which information flows. Someone might, for example, receive information under the terms of a commercial exchange, or because he deserves it, or because someone chose to share it with him, or because it came to him as a legal right, or because he promised to keep it secret. These are all examples of transmission principles.
Dr. Nissenbaum has been working with Mr. Barth to turn these wordy descriptions of the variables of contextual integrity into formal expressions that can be incorporated into computer programs. The tool Mr. Barth is employing to effect this transition is linear temporal logic, a system of mathematical logic that can express detailed constraints on the past and the future.
Linear temporal logic is an established discipline. It is, for example, used to test safety critical systems, such as aeroplane flight controls. The main difference between computer programs based on linear temporal logic and those using other sorts of programming language is that the former describe how the world ought to be, whereas the latter list specific instructions for the computer to carry out in order to achieve a particular end. The former say something like: "If you need milk, you ought eventually to arrive at the shop. "The latter might say: "Check the refrigerator. If there is no milk, get in your car. Start driving. Turn left at the corner. Park. Walk into the shop."
Dr. Mitchell and his team have already written logical formulae that they believe express a number of American privacy laws, including those covering health care, financial institutions and children’s activities online. The principles of transmission can be expressed in logical terms by using concepts such as "previously" and "eventually" as a type of mathematical operator. (They are thus acting as the equivalents of the "plus", "minus", " multiply" and "divide" signs in that more familiar system of logic known as arithmetic.) For example, the Gramm-Leaeh-Bliley act states that "a financial institution may not disclose personal information, unless such financial institution provides or has provided to the consumer a notice. "This is expressed as:
IF send (financial-institution, third-party, personal-information)
THEN PREVIOUSLY send (financial-institution, consumer, notification)
OR EVENTUALLY send (financial-institution, consumer, notification)
According to Dr. Nissenbaum, applying contextual integrity to questions of privacy not only results in better handling of those questions, but also helps to pinpoint why new methods of gathering information provoke indignation. In a world where the ability to handle data is rapidly outpacing agreement about how that ability should be used, this alone is surely reason to study it. [br] The author suggest at the beginning that
选项
A、the computer technology can be used to protect people’s privacy in public.
B、the technology of computing information may interfere with people’s privacy.
C、personal data should not be released to the public for commercial use.
D、the computer technology is to blame for intruding upon people’s privacy.
答案
B
解析
推断题。文章开篇即列举出三个例子来说明信息收集、储存、处理和共享的技术可能对泄露个人信息,对个人隐私构成侵扰,因而令人感到不安,故[B]为答案。[A]与此相反,故排除。而作者并没有对是否可以将个人信息发布作为商业用途表明态度,也没有将侵犯个人隐私的问题归咎于计算机信息技术,故排除[C]、[D]
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3278266.html
相关试题推荐
WhenSecretaryofStateCondoleezzaRicestoodbesideAfghanPresidentHamid
WhenSecretaryofStateCondoleezzaRicestoodbesideAfghanPresidentHamid
ItusedtobesaidthatEnglishpeopletaketheirpleasuresadly.Nodoubtth
ItusedtobesaidthatEnglishpeopletaketheirpleasuresadly.Nodoubtth
ItusedtobesaidthatEnglishpeopletaketheirpleasuresadly.Nodoubtth
Occasionally,wemaymeetsomeyoungpeoplewho,supposedlyhavingpassedtheco
Evenhappyfamilieshavesecretsthatrunwithnostatuteoflimitations.Twe
Evenhappyfamilieshavesecretsthatrunwithnostatuteoflimitations.Twe
Ifpeoplemeananythingatallbytheexpression"untimelydeath",theymust
1Insomniaisunderappreciated.2Manypeoplewouldratheradmitt
随机试题
FourCharacteristicsofCultureI.Cultureisshared—Region,climateand【T1】__
违法分包是指下列中的哪几项? ①总承包单位将建设工程分包给不具备相应资质条件的
所有的经营费用都应由业主从其所收取的租金中全额支付是使用()形式出租物业。A:毛
下列哪些物质可与胆红素竞争性地与清蛋白结合A.胆汁酸 B.磺胺类 C.水杨酸
某投资者6月份以32元/克的权利金买入一张执行价格为280元/克的8月黄金看跌期
关于施工企业组成联合体的说法,正确的有( )。A.联合体成员在提交投标申请人资
(2017年真题)根据物权法律制度的规定,下列关于建设用地使用权的表述中,正确的
(2017年真题)根据税收征收管理法律制度的规定,纳税人对税务机关的下列行政行为
银行承兑汇票的承兑银行,应当按照票面金额向出票人收取()的手续费。A:千分之一
兴奋性突触后电位是由于突触后膜提高了对下列哪些离子的通透性引起的?( )A.C
最新回复
(
0
)