首页
登录
职称英语
When I was a graduate student in biochemistry at Tufts University School of
When I was a graduate student in biochemistry at Tufts University School of
游客
2023-12-13
22
管理
问题
When I was a graduate student in biochemistry at Tufts University School of Medicine, I read an abridged version of Montaigne’s Essays. My friend Margaret Rea and I spent hours wandering around Boston discussing the meaning and implications of the essays. Michel de Montaigne lived in the 16th century near Bordeaux, France. He did his writing in the southwest tower of his chateau, where he surrounded himself with a library of more than 1,000 books, a remarkable collection for that time. Montaigne posed the question, "What do I know?" By extension, he asks us all: Why do you believe what you think you know? My latest attempt to answer Montaigne can be found in Everyday Practice of Science: Where Intuition and Passion Meet Objectivity and Logic, originally published in January 2009 and soon to be out in paperback from the Oxford University Press.
Scientists tend to be glib about answering Montaigne’s question. After all, the success of technology testifies to the truth of our work. But the situation is more complicated.
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences. Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes communal scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, a dialectic of interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two paradoxes infuse this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not research. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought." But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claim — a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. "We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason," she wrote in a book with that title. In the case of science, it is the commons of the mind where we find the answer to Montaigne’s question: Why do you believe what you think you know? [br] It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that credibility process requires
选项
A、strict inspection.
B、shared efforts.
C、individual wisdom.
D、persistent innovation.
答案
B
解析
推理判断题。由第四段第四句This is the credibility process,through which…可知,在credibilityprocess这一过程中,研究者个人变成了科学界中任何地点、任何时间的任何人,由此推断这一过程付诸了科学界所有人的共同努力,故答案为[B]。文中在提到这一过程需要scrutiny时,用词是communal scrutiny,可见仍在强调需要共同的审查,而不是[A]中所述的strict inspection;[C]是根据第四段第四句的individual设置的反向干扰;[D]是脱离文章的想当然。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3268253.html
相关试题推荐
EducationalValuesLifeisratherhecticforstudentsd
EducationalValuesLifeisratherhecticforstudentsd
EducationalValuesLifeisratherhecticforstudentsd
EducationalValuesLifeisratherhecticforstudentsd
YouaregoingtograduatefromUniversity,andduringtheresttimeyouare
Nowadays,thereisanewtrendamongcollegestudents.Manyofthemhavemov
EtonCollegeisafamous______ofUK.A、collegeB、comprehensiveschoolC、public
ThroughouttheU.S.studentsaregettingouttheirNo.2pencils,readyendu
ThroughouttheU.S.studentsaregettingouttheirNo.2pencils,readyendu
ThroughouttheU.S.studentsaregettingouttheirNo.2pencils,readyendu
随机试题
[originaltext]W:Goodafternoon.Let’sstartwithamajorglobalproblem,espec
Asanxietymakers.examinationsaresecondtonone.A、作为焦虑的制造者,考试是第二位的。B、与其他的焦虑来源
A.≤100mm B.150mm C.200mm D.≥250mm
POX染色用于白血病鉴别诊断的目的是A.排除感染性疾病 B.诊断急性白血病
拔罐时若需留罐,其留罐的时间一般为( )A.5-10分钟 B.10-15分钟
要想从根本上()矛盾,必须革新城市管理理念,把过去单纯的堵转变为疏堵结合,以疏
(2020年真题)下列物质发生的火灾中,不属于A类火灾的是( )。A.松香
某小客车投保了机动车第三者责任保险,责任限额为60万元.在保险期间先后发生两次保
评估某酒店式公寓在建工程的价值,已知土地是1年前通过招标方式取得的40年土地使用
根据《全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体规划(2021—2035年)》,到2
最新回复
(
0
)