首页
登录
职称英语
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity an
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity an
游客
2023-12-09
24
管理
问题
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for leaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements; basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permission.
Practical rules arc helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rob the spit inconspicuously underfoot.
Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted Women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France. Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did trot have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.
Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. [br] Which is NOT considered as an element in etiquette?
选项
A、ethics.
B、pragmatism.
C、efficiency.
D、elegance.
答案
C
解析
这是一道具体提问题,第二段第一句话中概括了礼节的三个组成要素,basic moral duties, practical rules, artificial, optional graces.答案中的A、B、D与上面三个次分别为近义词,只有C的意思是用来修饰practical rules,不属于同一层次概念,
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3259232.html
相关试题推荐
1InthedaysoftheRoses,Francewasstillasortofsemi-detachedpart
1InthedaysoftheRoses,Francewasstillasortofsemi-detachedpart
Theso-called"GloriousRevolution"of1688tookplacein______.A、FranceB、Amer
SwitzerlandliesattheheartofEurope.ToitswestisFrance,tothenorth
SwitzerlandliesattheheartofEurope.ToitswestisFrance,tothenorth
PresidentJeffersonbought______fromFranceanddoubledthecountry’sterritory.
Theso-called"GloriousRevolution"of1688tookplacein______.A、FranceB、Ameri
Formany,thepursuitofhappinessisalsothepursuitofprosperity.Parto
Formany,thepursuitofhappinessisalsothepursuitofprosperity.Parto
Formany,thepursuitofhappinessisalsothepursuitofprosperity.Parto
随机试题
AcademicResearchandProjectDesignI.Introduction—【T1】i
Britain’suniversitiesareinanawfulspin.Topuniversitieswereoverwhelm
FailureIstheMotherofSuccessDirections:Forthispart,youareallowed30m
TheIberianswerethe______settlersofBritainatabout3000BCduringtheNew
门窗洞口与门窗实际尺寸之间的预留缝隙大小主要取决于( )。A.门窗本身幅面大小
测量中的竖直角是指在同一竖直面内,某一方向线与下列何项之间的夹角?( )A、坐
加入AlCl3/HCl后,某黄酮的峰带Ⅰ(300~400nm)红移60nm,这表
耦合电容器运维细则中,运行中耦合电容器遇有()情况以及其它根据现场实际认为应紧急
人在每一瞬间,将心理活动选择了某些对象而忽略了另一些对象。这一特点指的是注意的(
淋巴瘤患者化疗发生严重的细胞因子释放综合征或肿瘤溶解综合征风险较高的抗癌药是A.
最新回复
(
0
)