首页
登录
职称英语
(1)Space may seem remote, but it’s really not that far away. The popular orb
(1)Space may seem remote, but it’s really not that far away. The popular orb
游客
2023-11-27
40
管理
问题
(1)Space may seem remote, but it’s really not that far away. The popular orbits for satellites begin twice as far up—about 400 miles above our heads. There telecommunications and weather satellites orbit at the same rate that Earth rotates, allowing them to hover above a single spot on the Equator.
(2)It was the explosions of derelict rockets that first drew NASA’s attention to debris. In the 1970s Delta rockets left in orbit began blowing up after delivering their payloads. An investigation showed that the bulkheads separating the leftover fuels were probably cracking as a result of the rocket’s passing in and out of sunlight. NASA began recommending that leftover fuels be burned at the end of a flight, or that they be vented into space. Still, every few months on average an old rocket or satellite explodes, flinging a cloud of debris into space.
(3)For many years NASA and the Department of Defense were skeptical about the dangers of space debris. The problem seemed abstract, residing more in computer models than in hard experience. And it challenged the can-do mentality of space enthusiasts. Earth’s orbit seemed too large and empty to pollute. To its credit, NASA has long maintained a debris-research program, staffed by top-notch scientists who have persisted in pointing out the long-term hazards of space junk even when the higher-ups at NASA didn’t want to hear about it. Then the Challenger accident came in 1986. NASA officials realized that their emphasis on human space flight could backfire. If people died in space, public support for the shuttle program could unravel.
(4)Engineers took a new look at the shuttle and the international Space Station. Designed in the 1970s, when debris was not considered a factor, the shuttle was determined to be clearly vulnerable. After almost every mission windows on the shuttle are so badly pitted by microscopic debris that they need to be replaced. Soon NASA was flying the shuttle upside down and backward, so that its rockets, rather than the more sensitive crew compartments, would absorb the worst impacts. And engineers were adding shielding to the space station’s most vulnerable areas. At this point the modules should be able to survive impacts with objects measuring up to half an inch across, and NASA is developing repair kits for plugging larger holes in the walls.
(5)But adding shielding and repair kits won’t solve the real problem. The real problem is that whenever something is put into an orbit, the risk of collision for all objects in that orbit goes up. Therefore, the only truly effective measure is a process known as deorbiting—removing objects from orbit when they reach the end of their useful lives. With current technology deorbiting requires that a satellite or a rocket reserve enough fuel for one last trip after its operations are finished. With enough fuel a spacecraft can promptly immolate itself in the atmosphere or fly far away from the most crowded orbits. If less fuel is available, it can aim for an orbit where atmospheric drag will eventually pull it to Earth. The logic behind deorbiting has been inescapable since the beginning of the Space Age, yet it has just begun to penetrate the consciousness of spacecraft designers and launchers.
(6)Furthermore, the character of the Space Age is changing. The private sector now puts more payloads into orbit than do NASA and the U.S. and Russian militaries combined. A score of communications companies in the United States and other countries have announced plans that will put hundreds of satellites into orbit over the next decade. Many will fly in relatively low orbits within a few hundred miles above where the space station will orbit, so that they can relay signals coming from hand-held phones.
(7)None of these companies is under any obligation to limit orbital debris. Companies that are launching large constellations of satellites are worried about collisions between the satellites, and they are well aware that a public-relations disaster would ensue if a piece of a shattered satellite smacked the station. As a result, some plan to deorbit satellites at the end of their useful lives. But other companies are leaving their satellites up or are counting on atmospheric drag to bring them down.
(8)Government regulations covering orbital debris are still rudimentary. For now, the federal agencies that have authority over commercial launches are waiting to see if the private sector can deal with the problem on its own. But deorbiting rockets and satellites is expensive. A satellite could keep operating for several additional months if it didn’t need to reserve fuel for deorbiting. Some industry representatives say they want regulations, but only if the regulations apply to everyone and cannot be evaded.
(9)One reason for our nonchalance is that new technologies have gotten us out of many past scrapes— and maybe they will with orbital debris, too. Perhaps a future spaceship will race around Earth grabbing old spacecraft and flinging them back into the atmosphere, though it is hard to imagine a similar clean-up method for the small pieces of debris generated by collisional cascading. Maybe Star Wars technologies will produce a laser that can shoot orbital junk from the sky. In 1987 the World Commission on Environment and Development defined sustainable development as meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. In space we are failing the sustainability test miserably. A hundred years from now, when our descendants want to put satellites into orbits teeming with debris, they will wonder what we could have been thinking. The simple answer is we weren’t thinking at all. [br] NASA began to pay attention to the debris problem because _____.
选项
A、leftover fuels were heated and caused the rockets’ explosion
B、burning of articles on the rockets caused explosion
C、leftover fuels leaked and the rockets fell onto the earth
D、the rockets snapped in the sun and caused explosion
答案
D
解析
根据题干的pay attention to the debris可定位到第2段首句。该句强调是弃置的火箭发生爆炸引起了NASA对太空垃圾的关注;随后更具体指出了事故的原因,即分隔燃料的舱壁或许由于穿越了阳光的照射而裂开了。D最贴近文意。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3223531.html
相关试题推荐
RealityTV,theprogrammethatshowsthingsreallytakingplaceratherthan
ThesedayslotsofpopularTVdramasarebeingcriticizedforseriouslydist
ApprenticeshipshavelongbeenpopularinEurope,butworkforce-orientedhig
ApprenticeshipshavelongbeenpopularinEurope,butworkforce-orientedhig
ApprenticeshipshavelongbeenpopularinEurope,butworkforce-orientedhig
ApprenticeshipshavelongbeenpopularinEurope,butworkforce-orientedhig
ApprenticeshipshavelongbeenpopularinEurope,butworkforce-orientedhig
ApprenticeshipshavelongbeenpopularinEurope,butworkforce-orientedhig
Pub-talk,themostpopularactivityinallpubs,isanativedialectwithi
Pub-talk,themostpopularactivityinallpubs,isanativedialectwithi
随机试题
EnglandandFranceformeda(n)______againstGermanyintheSecondWorldWar.A、
Ifourbrainswerecomputers,we’dsimplyaddachiptoupgradeourmemory.
A. B.因子Ⅻ C.因子Ⅷ D.血小板 E.因子Ⅴ
( )不属于项目人力资源管理的范畴。A.人员获取和能力匹配 B.建立项目组织
横切面可见落皮层,内侧有木栓组织数个层带,韧皮部有5~7层石细胞环带,并可见胶丝
某混凝土试块强度值不满足规范要求,但经法定检测单位对混凝土实体强度经过法定检测后
站用直流电源系统330kV及以上电压等级变电站及重要的220kV变电站,应采用3
以下不是古代希腊著名悲剧家的是()A.埃斯库罗斯 B.索福克利斯 C.幼里披
理财产品存续期内,如发生下列( )情况之一,各商业银行应及时报告中国银监会或其
外汇期货的交易成本包括中央结算公司收取的过户费等买卖期货产生的费用。( )
最新回复
(
0
)