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  3. It’s impossible to write about how human activities are altering the climate

It’s impossible to write about how human activities are altering the climate

游客2023-11-12  51
问题     It’s impossible to write about how human activities are altering the climate without bringing protests that such a thing is impossible, that puny humanity cannot possibly alter such a gargantuan system through loading the atmosphere with additional carbon dioxide. Unfortunately for the denialists, examples of how human activities can alter climate keep accumulating. The latest has nothing to do with the greenhouse effect but underlines the fact that ordinary activities can have unexpected meteorological(气象的)consequences. To wit; large dams seem to be altering rainfall patterns.
    Geophysicists have suspected as much for years, notes a team of scientists in a paper in the Dec. 1 issue of Eos, a publication of the American Geophysical Union. But it is becoming clearer that in addition to providing lots of water to evaporate and then return to the ground as rainfall, as scientists at MIT described in a 1996 study, dams also make local meteorological conditions more conducive to precipitation(降水).
    In particular, explained Faisal Hossain of Tennessee Technological University, dams increase atmospheric instabilities in the vertical profile of temperature and humidity. Those instabilities arise because the presence of a dam—specifically, the reservoir it creates—increases evaporation and therefore atmospheric moisture. That enhances the amount of con-vective(对流的)energy in the air above the reservoir. The end result; more precipitation.
    Weather records support this theoretical reasoning. For one thing, there are more thunderstorms in the vicinity of a large dam compared with before the dam was built. For another, large dams are contributing to the "when it rains, it pours" phenomenon; longer periods without precipitation punctuated by drenching, flood-inducing downpours. Extreme precipitation events around large dams have increased significantly, as Hossain describes in an upcoming paper; 99th-percentile downpours in the region of a large dam have increased 4 percent per year after a large dam was built, especially in southern Africa, India, the western United States, and Central Asia. Other studies have shown how changes in land cover as seemingly innocuous as irrigating fields and draining swamps can alter local precipitation patterns, as this paper as well as this one have described.
    The significance of dams altering local weather is not merely another example of the power of human activities to change the climate. There is also a more practical issue. When dams are constructed, engineers make assumptions about how frequently large floods will occur, and they build the dam to withstand them. But if the proverbial 100-year flood occurs more frequently because of the very presence of a dam, that calculation is wrong, and the dam may be subjected to more frequent and more extreme flood-inducing downpours. A "flood-safe" dam may not be.
    As the Eos authors warn, " it is therefore possible that a large dam may be found years later to actually have been designed for a flood with a much lower recurrence interval than originally expected because the frequency of extreme precipitation events has increased due to the reservoir’s presence. Such a possibility raises concerns about dam safety. That risk is compounded by the fact that conventional dam and reservoir design over the past century has been ’ one-way ’ , with no acknowledgment of the possible feedback mechanisms" between the presence of a dam and rainfall. " Indeed, dam design protocol in civil engineering continues to assume unchanging patterns of extreme precipitation events. " The risk is also compounded by the age of dams: some 85 percent of large dams in the United States will be more than 50 years old by 2020. [br] What does the phrase "this theoretical reasoning" in Paragraph 4 refer to?
选项 A、The reasoning of why reservoir increases evaporation in the air above.
B、The reasoning of why dams cause more precipitation.
C、The reasoning of why there are more thunderstorms near a large dam.
D、The reasoning of why large dams contribute to "when it rains, it pours" phenomenon.
答案 B
解析 推理题。根据第四段第一句“气象记录支持了这个理论推理”可知，这个理论推理指的是上文第三段中Faisal Hossain的推理，即大坝增加了大气在温度和湿度垂直分布上的不稳定性，并最终导致更多的降水。所以[B]”为什么大坝的存在导致了更多降水的推理”是正确答案。根据第三段第二句可知，[A]”为什么水库增加了其上方空气中的水分蒸发的推理”只是其推论的一个依据，排除；又根据第四段第二、三句，[C]和[D]都是指支持这个理论推理的气象记录事实，所以均排除。
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