2. 职称英语
  3. Ordinarily we pay little attention to the words we speak. We concentrate ins

Ordinarily we pay little attention to the words we speak. We concentrate ins

游客2023-10-31  58
问题     Ordinarily we pay little attention to the words we speak. We concentrate instead on the meaning we intend to express and are seldom conscious of how we express that meaning. Only if we make a mistake and have to correct it or have difficulty remembering a word do we become conscious of our words. This means that most of us don’t know where the words we use come from and how they come to have the meanings they do. Since words play such an important role in our lives, making our life easy or difficult depending on which words we choose on a given occasion, exploring their nature and origin should provide an interesting adventure.
    English words come from several different sources. They develop naturally over the course of centuries from ancestral languages, they are also borrowed from other languages, and we create many of them by various means of word formation. Each of these sources has made a material impact on the vocabulary available to us today.
    First of all, it is important to know that languages may be related just like people. You have probably noticed that people from England, Brooklyn, and North Carolina all speak differently. They pronounce the same words differently and they even use different words for the same meaning. The English call the "hood" of a car the "bonnet" and the people in Brooklyn "schlep" things around while people in North Carolina "drag" them.
    These differences make up what are called dialects and the people in England speak one of several British dialects("Cockney" is one of the most colorful), the people in Brooklyn speak a Brooklyn dialect and those in North Carolina speak a Southern dialect. Dialects are variants of a language, variants with slightly different pronunciation, different grammatical rules, and slightly different vocabularies. The interesting thing about dialects is that as they continue to develop over time, the differences become greater and greater until people from one dialect area cannot understand those from another. When this happens, the people from the different, dialect areas are speaking different languages.
    Languages are not stagnant; they don’t remain the same forever. They are constantly developing and changing. If one dialect group loses contact with people in another, the two groups are likely to develop into mutually unintelligible languages. At one time, for example, around 1,000 B.C.E., there was a single language that we call Proto-Germanic. Everyone speaking it could understand each other. But dialects emerged that developed into languages that are today called Danish, Dutch, English, Faroese, German, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish. These are then sister languages and Proto-Germanic is the mother language.(All languages come from one-parent families.)
    Obviously words changed as these languages developed from their ancestors. So the core words in English today developed from Proto-Germanic(via Old English, Middle English, into Modern English). These Germanic words include such words as "get", "burn", "ring", "house", "dog", "think". Their cognates can be found in other Germanic languages which share the same origin. English "house", Danish "hus", and German "Haus" are cognates; so are "think" and German and Dutch "denk-en".
    So these words are the results of 3,000 years of development in different dialects of what was originally a single language. Notice some of the rules that linguists look for: the "s" in German often corresponds to "t" in English(Fuss, Wasser), while the "th" in English often corresponds to "d" or "t" in German:(Mutter). The "ch" in German and the "k" in English seem to be related, too(Milch, machen). These parallels in many words demonstrate that the languages are related.(Also notice that vowels are much more likely to change than consonants. Even the changed consonants here are very similar to each other linguistically.) [br] What words can be described as cognates?
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答案 Words from the same origin．／Words developed from the same origin．
解析 cognate一词出自倒数第2段。该段最后两句表明在不同的语言当中，会有一些词形不同但意思相同的单词，这些词就是cognate。该段倒数第2句中的定语从句which share the same origin表明这些语言来源于同一个起源。可见，cognams应该是指来自不同语言但起源相同的单词，虽然它们的意思相同，但原文更注重的是“起源”的问题，因此，此处应回答“同源词”，而不要回答“同义词”。
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