Mass Strandings of Whales1. The tide goes out suddenly, 【T1】______ the whales

Mass Strandings of Whales
    Good afternoon everyone. Well, with some of you will go out on fieldwork it’s timely that in this afternoon’s session I’ll be sharing some ideas about the reasons why groups of whales and dolphins sometimes swim ashore from the sea right onto the beach and, most often, die in what were known as "mass stranding". Unfortunately, this type of event is a frequent occurrence in some of the locations that you’ll be traveling to, [1] where sometimes the tide goes out suddenly, confusing the animals.
    However, there are many other theories about the causes of mass strandings. The first is that the behavior is linked to parasites. It’s often found that stranded animals were infested with large numbers of parasites. For instance, a type of worm is commonly found in the ears of dead whales. [2] Since marine animals rely heavily on their hearing to navigate, this type of infestation has the potential to be very harmful. Another theory is related to toxins, or poisons. These have also been found to contribute to the death of many marine animals. [3] Many toxins, as I’m sure you’re aware, originate from plants, or animals. The whale ingests these toxins in its normal feeding behavior but [4] whether these poisons directly or indirectly lead to stranding and death, seems to depend upon the toxin involved. Alternatively, it has also been suggested that some animals stranded accidentally by following their prey ashore in the confusion of the chase. Last year, [5] David Thurston monitored pilot whales that beached after following the squid ashore. However, this idea does not seem to hold true for the majority of mass strandings [6] because examination of the animals’ stomach contents reveal that most had not been feeding as they stranded. There were also some new theories, which link strandings to humans. [7] A growing concern is that loud noises in the ocean cause strandings. [8] Noises such as these caused by military exercises are of particular concern and have been pinpointed as the cause of some strandings of late.
    [9] A final theory is related to group behaviour, and suggests that sea mammals cannot distinguish between sick and healthy leaders and [10] will follow sick leaders, even to an inevitable death. This is a particularly interesting theory since the whales that are thought to be most social—the toothed whales—are the group that strand the most frequently. The theory is also supported by evidence from a dolphin stranding in 1994.  Examination of the dead animals revealed that apart from the leader, all the others had been healthy at the time of their death.
    Without one consistent theory however it is very hard for us to do anything about this phenomenon except to assist animals where and when we can. Stranding networks have been established around the world to aid in rescuing animals and collecting samples from those that could not be helped. I recommend John Connor’s Marine Mammals Ashore as an excellent starting point if you’re interested in finding out more about these networks, or establishing one yourself.