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Mass Strandings of Whales 1. The tide goes out sudden
Mass Strandings of Whales 1. The tide goes out sudden
游客
2023-10-27
18
管理
问题
Mass Strandings of Whales
1. The tide goes out suddenly,【T1】______ the whales【T1】______
2. Mass strandings linked to parasites
a. Evidence: Stranded animals infested with many parasites
b. Example: Worms found in the ears of dead whales
Whales rely heavily on their hearing to【T2】______【T2】______
This type of infestation can be very harmful
3. Mass strandings related to toxins or poisons
Toxins【T3】______ from plants or animals【T3】______
The whale ingests these toxins
Whether leading to stranding or not depends upon the toxin【T4】______【T4】______
4. Mass strandings caused by following their prey ashore
Example【T5】______whales beached after following the squid ashore【T5】______
Not true for most mass strandings
The animals’ stomach【T6】______ reveal most had not been feeding【T6】______
5. Mass strandings linked to humans
A growing concern: loud【T7】______ made by humans cause strandings【T7】______
Noises caused by【T8】______ are of particular concern【T8】______
6. Mass strandings related to group【T9】______【T9】______
Whales follow【T10】______ leaders ashore【T10】______ [br] 【T6】
Mass Strandings of Whales
Good afternoon everyone. Well, with some of you will go out on fieldwork it’s timely that in this afternoon’s session I’ll be sharing some ideas about the reasons why groups of whales and dolphins sometimes swim ashore from the sea right onto the beach and, most often, die in what were known as "mass stranding". Unfortunately, this type of event is a frequent occurrence in some of the locations that you’ll be travelling to, where sometimes the tide goes out suddenly, confusing the animals.
However, there are many other theories about the causes of mass strandings. The first is that the behavior is linked to parasites. It’s often found that stranded animals were infested with large numbers of parasites. For instance, a type of worm is commonly found in the ears of dead whales. Since marine animals rely heavily on their hearing to navigate, this type of infestation has the potential to be very harmful. Another theory is related to toxins, or poisons. These have also been found to contribute to the death of many marine animals. Many toxins, as I’m sure you’re aware, originate from plants, or animals. The whale ingests these toxins in its normal feeding behavior but whether these poisons directly or indirectly lead to stranding and death, seems to depend upon the toxin involved. Alternatively, it has also been suggested that some animals stranded accidentally by following their prey ashore in the confusion of the chase. Last year, David Thurston monitored pilot whales that beached after following the squid ashore. However, this idea does not seem to hold true for the majority of mass strandings because examination of the animals’ stomach contents reveal that most had not been feeding as they stranded. There were also some new theories, which link strandings to humans. A growing concern is that loud noises in the ocean cause strandings. Noises such as these caused by military exercises are of particular concern and have been pinpointed as the cause of some strandings of late.
A final theory is related to group behaviour, and suggests that sea mammals cannot distinguish between sick and healthy leaders and will follow sick leaders, even to an inevitable death. This is a particularly interesting theory since the whales that are thought to be most social—the toothed whales—are the group that strand the most frequently. The theory is also supported by evidence from a dolphin stranding in 1994. Examination of the dead animals revealed that apart from the leader, all the others had been healthy at the time of their death.
Without one consistent theory however it is very hard for us to do anything about this phenomenon except to assist animals where and when we can. Stranding networks have been established around the world to aid in rescuing animals and collecting samples from those that could not be helped. I recommend John Connor’s Marine Mammals Ashore as an excellent starting point if you’re interested in finding out more about these networks, or establishing one yourself.
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解析
本题涉及证明“大部分鲸鱼搁浅是跟随猎物上岸”不成立的证据。录音提到,对鲸鱼胃部残留物(the animals’stomach contents)的检查发现,在搁浅时,大部分鲸鱼并不是在进食,故答案填入contents。
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