首页
登录
职称英语
(1)Ah, praise. So powerful are simple words of approval and admiration that
(1)Ah, praise. So powerful are simple words of approval and admiration that
游客
2023-10-22
27
管理
问题
(1)Ah, praise. So powerful are simple words of approval and admiration that the late psychologist B. F. Skinner once called praise giving "the greatest tool in behavior modification".
(2)Yet precisely because praise is such heady stuff, motivation researchers warn of its psychological perils. Although the researchers agree that encouragement is essential for everyone, studies have found that poorly chosen words of praise can be as manipulative as any other reward—and just as destructive to creativity, perseverance and performance. Even behaviorists who advocate heavy use of praise for positive reinforcement in the classroom warn that its power can easily be missed.
(3)Such condemnation of simple good words is difficult even for those who can clearly see the destructive potential of gold stars and other glittery enticements. But in fact, Kohn argues, praise should not always be considered a synonym for human kindness. Children, he argues, can become completely dependent on praise and in that emotional process lose any love of doing things for their own sake. Experiments show, for example, that children who are praised for being generous with others actually end up being less generous than those who received no strokes.
(4)Praise has also been shown to have very disruptive effects on confidence, concentration and performance. People who receive praise often become so self-conscious of their temporary good standing that they cannot focus on the task at hand, or alternatively they simply avoid challenging themselves in order to prevent the possibility of failure. Case Western Reserve University researcher Roy F. Baumeister found that compliments are an effective way to increase pressure, making a person more likely to "choke". Subjects who were praised just before a test of video skills consistently performed worse than did those who were not. And students who were heavily praised became more unconfirmed in their answers and gave up more quickly on ideas teachers disagreed with. "I worry about children whose eyes light up every time they are praised," says Kohn. "Many of them will grow to be adults desperate for others’ approval, unable to formulate their own standards."
(5)Although words of praise may be more subtle than other rewards, the basic psychological issue is one of power and manipulation. "Often, the most striking thing about a positive judgment is that it’s a judgment," says Kohn. "It implies, ’I have power over you.’" What’s more, he adds, praise carries with it the possibility of criticism, which can make the loftiest praise threatening: today’s "you’re perfect" can become tomorrow’s "you are worthless". [br] Words of praise could become destructive when________.
选项
A、they are casually chosen
B、they are heavily used
C、they are not used by behaviorists
D、they are out of an educational environment
答案
A
解析
第2段第2句中found的宾语从句表明poorly chosen words会使称赞的话变得具有破坏性,poorly chosen与A中的casually chosen同义。因此A为本题答案。本题最具干扰性的只有B。B来自第2段最后一句的heavy use of praise,但该句中的advocate表明行为学家是赞成heavy use of praise的,虽然他们也认为heavy use of praise未必能起作用,但他们并没有认为heavy use of praise是具有破坏性的,因此B是不正确的。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3121566.html
相关试题推荐
(1)Insuchachanging,complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformat
(1)Insuchachanging,complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformat
Advanceinsciencemoreoftenthannotencounterspowerfulopposition,________
SomepeoplesaythatrichparentsaremorepowerfulthandiplomainChina.I
(1)Ah,praise.Sopowerfularesimplewordsofapprovalandadmirationthat
PASSAGEONE[br]What’sthemeaningof"hail”inParagraph7?Topraise.重点是判断此词的感
Thecustomerexpressedher________forthatbroadhat.A、disapprovalB、distasteC、
(1)Studentloansarebasedonasimpleidea:thatagraduate’sfutureflow
Whenarailroadwasfirstinvented,noone________thatonedaythissimpleidea
Oftenthesimplesteventsinoneculturecancausefrustrationwhenaperson
随机试题
Well-preservedwrecksaboundintheBaltic,wherelowsalinityandcoldwate
Duringthedebatemyopponentkeptcutting______.A、outB、backC、downD、inD此题考查
[originaltext]Ilovetreesbecausetheyhavemanydifferentshadesofgreen
高层办公楼常采用板式,而超高层办公楼常采用塔式,主要是因为:()A.围护结构
哌替啶用于产妇,宜在胎儿娩出前()使用。A.2h以内 B.2h以上 C.
关于子宫出血的机制,下述哪项正确A.孕酮的撤退抑制血管内皮素(ET)的合成 B
以下符合决策期策划的项目定义和项目目标论证策划的是()。A:建设周期规划和论证
省份简称是中国一级行政区(省级行政区)的简称。下列省级行政区与其简称相对应的一项
下面是某求助者的MMPI测验结果如下。 Hs量表的K校正分应当是()。
在下列固定资产中,应计提折旧的有().A、大修理停用的固定资产 B、提前报废
最新回复
(
0
)