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  3. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise

游客2023-09-26  55
问题      Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary(金钱的)rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激)indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, ’ says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark." But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance of creating too much anticipation for rewards."
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an ex- ample of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
选项 A、the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
B、the amount of monetary rewards for students’ creativity
C、the study of relationship between actions and their consequences
D、the effects of external rewards on students’ performance
答案 D
解析 事实辨认题。问心理学家因对什么看法不同而被分成两派。A项意为“在精神鼓励和物质奖励之间的不同选择”，而根据文章第一句话，精神鼓励(warm praise)和物质奖励(cold cash)都属于外部刺激、报偿、奖励(external rewards)，所以A可撑除。B项意为“对学生的创造性活动给予物质奖励的数量”，C项意为“对行为和结果之间的关系的研究”，D项意为“外部刺激对学生行为的影响”，显然B、C不对。
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