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Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship

游客2023-09-11  58
问题     Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer’s progress in the ability to learn from experience.
    Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer. All a programmer has to do is to give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40 000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chess-- literally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be, given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holding that much data.
    Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own program, to deal with a relatively unstructured situation —in a word, to "think" for itself. In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.
    There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted, winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it. But there are many serious human problems, which can be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problems --international and interpersonal relations, ecology and economics, and the ever-increasing threat of world famine can perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers. [br] Today, the chess-playing computer can be programmed to ______.
选项 A、have trillions of responses in a second to each possible move and win the game
B、store complete data and beat the best players
C、learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the game
D、predicate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each time
答案 A
解析 从第二段的最后一句话“Even if such a program were written(and in theory it could be，given enough people and enough time)，there is no computer capable of holding that much data．”我们可以得知，计算机不可能获取和储存所有的信息，因此它也不可能预测到每一部棋子的活动，因此A，B，和C都是错误的，因此本题选A 。此外，文中的第一句话说的是“Computers have been taught to play not only checkers，but also championship chess．”说明计算机不仪能和一般棋子下棋，也能和世界冠军下棋，更加印证了C learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the game 是正确的答案。
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