首页
登录
职称英语
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we lo
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we lo
游客
2023-09-10
35
管理
问题
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we look at a horse by the name of Hans. Hans could reason and "talk". Hans had been trained by a math teacher, Mr. Osten, to communicate by tapping forefoot and moving his head. A head nod meant yes, and a shake suggested no. Mr. Osten developed a code for verbal information in which each letter was represented by a pair of numbers. The letter A was coded as one tap, pause, one tap, and the letter I was three taps, pause, two taps. Once Hans learned to tap his foot or move his head. when questioned, he was given simple problems and then fed a piece of bread or carrot for correct responses. By the end of his training, Hans could spell words, and he excelled in math. He became a hero in Germany — his picture was on wine bottles and toys.
An official commission examined the horse, testing him to see if he really did all the things claimed. They came away very impressed and issued a statement that there was no evidence of any intentional influence or aid on the part of Hans’ questioners.
But there was one scientist who was not so sure that Hans was as intelligent as he had been portrayed. Oskar Pfungst, a sharp observer, had detected that Hans always faced his questioners. Pfungst hypothesized that this might have something to do with his math ability. The scientist set up a very simple experiment. He wrote numbers on a card and held them up one at a time, asking Hans to tap out the numbers written on each card. Half of the cards were held so that only Hans, not Pfungst himself, could see. Hans was his usual brilliant self, getting 92% of them correct. But for the numbers Pfungst could not see, Hans was no longer a brilliant horse, getting 8% correct.
Pfungst repeated the experiment over and over again with nearly the same results. He observed Hans with his other questioners. As soon as they stated the problem to Hans, most questioners would turn their head and upper body slightly. When the correct number of foot taps had been made by Hans, the questioner would move his head upward. Despite his years of work with the horse, Mr. Osten had never dreamed that Hans had learnt to "read" him. He felt angry and betrayed by the horse.
Thus we can see that experts sometimes can be wrong and that what sometimes seems to be the troth may be a false impression. Even experts can be fooled if they don’t make appropriate use of research procedures to check their observations. [br] According to Pfunst’s experiment, Hans most probably did his work by ______ .
选项
答案
observing/reading his questioners
解析
参见倒数第二段。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3001374.html
相关试题推荐
[originaltext]W:MarkreallyneedstoseethisarticleinPsychologyWeekly.M:
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredic
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredic
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredic
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredic
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredic
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredic
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredic
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredic
Tounderstandtheimportanceofcontrolledobservationinpsychology,welo
随机试题
Peopletakephotographsfora【C1】______ofreasonsbutthemost【C2】_____
[originaltext]W:Thisfoodisterrible!Ican’tevenfinishmydinner.M:Ikno
TheComplexitiesofReadingThislectureisthefirs
[originaltext]Mostrainforestslieclosetotheequator,wheretheclimate
为防止围岩丧失稳定产生坍塌、冒顶,当隧道遇到不良地段时,可采用()进行超前
钢筋的焊接,应优先选用()。A.电弧焊 B.压力焊 C.气压焊 D.闪光
工业企业燃气管道包括()。A、工厂引入管 B、厂区燃气管道 C、室内燃
少阴经头痛的特征是A.前额连眉棱骨痛 B.两侧太阳穴处痛 C.后头部连
把下面的六个图形分成两类,使每一类图形都有各自的共同特征或规律,分类正确的一项是
蔡某系某服装有限公司业务部经理。因在酒吧饮酒与梁某发生冲突。民警闻讯赶到后,对蔡
最新回复
(
0
)