首页
登录
职称英语
Choice blindness: You don’t know what you want We have all he
Choice blindness: You don’t know what you want We have all he
游客
2023-09-06
26
管理
问题
Choice blindness: You don’t know what you want
We have all heard of experts who fail basic tests of sensory discrimination in their own field: wine snobs (自命不凡的人) who can’t tell red from white wine (though in blackened cups), or art critics who see deep meaning in random lines drawn by a computer. We delight in such stories since anyone claiming to be an authority is fair game. But what if we shine the spotlight on choices we make about everyday things? Experts might be forgiven for being wrong about the limits of their skills as experts, but could we be forgiven for being wrong about the limits of our skills as experts on ourselves?
We have been trying to answer this question using techniques from magic performances. Rather than playing tricks with alternatives presented to participants, we secretly altered the outcomes of their choices, and recorded how they react. For example, in an early study we showed our volunteers pairs of pictures of faces and asked them to choose the most attractive. In some trials, immediately after they made their choice, we asked people to explain the reasons behind their choices.
Unknown to them, we sometimes used a double-card magic trick to secretly exchange one face for the other so they ended up with the face they did not choose. Common sense dictates that all of us would notice such a big change in the outcome of a choice. But the result showed that in 75 per cent of the trials our participants were blind to the mismatch, even offering "reasons" for their "choice".
We called this effect "choice blindness", echoing change blindness, the phenomenon identified by psychologists where a remarkably large number of people fail to spot a major change in their environment. Recall the famous experiments where X asks Y for directions; while Y is struggling to help, X is switched for Z - and Y fails to notice. Researchers are still pondering the full implications, but it does show how little information we use in daily life, and undermines the idea that we know what is going on around us.
When we set out, we aimed to weigh in on the enduring, complicated debate about selfknowledge and intentionality. For all the intimate familiarity we feel we have with decisionmaking, it is very difficult to know about it from the "inside": one of the great barriers for scientific research is the nature of subjectivity.
As anyone who has ever been in a verbal disagreement can prove, people tend to give elaborate justifications for their decisions, which we have every reason to believe are nothing more than rationalisations (文过饰非) after the event. To prove such people wrong, though, or even provide enough evidence to change their mind, is an entirely different matter: who are you to say what my reasons are?
But with choice blindness we drive a large wedge between intentions and actions in the mind. As our participants give us verbal explanations about choices they never made, we can show them beyond doubt - and prove it - that what they say cannot be true. So our experiments offer a unique window into confabulation (虚伪) (the story-telling we do to justify things after the fact) that is otherwise very difficult to come by. We can compare everyday explanations with those under lab conditions, looking for such things as the amount of detail in descriptions, how coherent the narrative is, the emotional tone, or even the timing or flow of the speech. Then we can create a theoretical framework to analyse any kind of exchange.
This framework could provide a clinical use for choice blindness: for example, two of our ongoing studies examine how malingering (装病) might develop into true symptoms, and how confabulation might play a role in obsessive-compulsive disorder (强迫症).
Importantly, the effects of choice blindness go beyond snap judgments. Depending on what our volunteers say in response to the mismatched outcomes of choices (whether they give short or long explanations, give numerical rating or labelling, and so on) we found this interaction could change their future preferences to the extent that they come to prefer the previously rejected alternative. This gives us a rare glimpse into the complicated dynamics of self-feedback ("I chose this, I publicly said so, therefore I must like it"), which we suspect lies behind the formation of many everyday preferences.
We also want to explore the boundaries of choice blindness. Of course, it will be limited by choices we know to be of great importance in everyday life. Which bride or bridegroom would fail to notice if someone switched their partner at the altar through amazing sleight of hand (巧妙的手段)? Yet there is ample territory between the absurd idea of spouse-swapping, and the results of our early face experiments.
For example, in one recent study we invited supermarket customers to choose between two paired varieties of jam and tea. In order to switch each participant’s choice without them noticing, we created two sets of "magical" jars, with lids at both ends and a divider inside. The jars looked normal, but were designed to hold one variety of jam or tea at each end, and could easily be flipped over.
Immediately after the participants chose, we asked them to taste their choice again and tell us verbally why they made that choice. Before they did, we turned over the sample containers, so the tasters were given the opposite of what they had intended in their selection. Strikingly, people detected no more than a third of all these trick trials. Even when we switched such remarkably different flavors as spicy cinnamon and apple for bitter grapefruit jam, the participants spotted less than half of all switches.
We have also documented this kind of effect when we simulate online shopping for consumer products such as laptops or cellphones, and even apartments. Our latest tests are exploring moral and political decisions, a domain where reflection and deliberation are supposed to play a central role, but which we believe is perfectly suited to investigating using choice blindness.
Throughout our experiments, as well as registering whether our volunteers noticed that they had been presented with the alternative they did not choose, we also quizzed them about their beliefs about their decision processes. How did they think they would feel if they had been exposed to a study like ours? Did they think they would have noticed the switches? Consistently, between 80 and 90 per cent of people said that they believed they would have noticed something was wrong.
Imagine their surprise, even disbelief, when we told them about the nature of the experiments. In everyday decision-making we do see ourselves as knowing a lot about our selves, but like the wine buff or art critic, we often overstate what we know. The good news is that this form of decision snobbery should not be too difficult to treat. Indeed, after reading this article you might already be cured. [br] The volunteers were surprised at the fact that in everyday decision-making, people’s beliefs are often ______.
选项
答案
overstated
解析
空前的people’s beliefs are表明,本空应填一过去分词(短语)或形容词(短语)。题干中的The volunteers were surprised与首句提到的their surprise对应,in everyday decision-making是原文信息的重现,people’s beliefs是对what we know的同义转述,故what we know前的谓语动词overstate即为本题答案的出处。因为题干将文中know的宾语提至主语位置,故将overstate改为过去分词形式overstated。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/2989788.html
相关试题推荐
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimport
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimport
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimport
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimport
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimport
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimport
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimport
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimport
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimport
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimport
随机试题
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencyfocuseithero
SevenTypesofEvidenceItisimportanttolearntouse
形象修复理论的提出者是()A.格鲁尼格 B.班尼特 C.伯克兰 D.格鲁尼
下列关于生活热水系统设计小时耗热量、设计小时供热量的说法中,哪几项正确?()
下列哪些部位应设置独立的机械加压送风防烟措施?()A.长度超过60m的封闭内
一家广告公司想估计某类商店去年所花的平均广告费有多少。经验表明,总体方差约为18
心尖区触及舒张期震颤,可提示的疾病是()A.二尖瓣狭窄 B.二尖瓣关
以下做法中不是对未成年人生存权的保护的是()。A.禁止对未成年人实施家庭暴力
有关理想质粒载体的特点,正确的是A.为线性单链DNA B.含有多种限制酶的单一
农夫山泉最初成立于国家一级水资源保护区千岛湖畔,这里水的PH值接近人体血液的PH
最新回复
(
0
)