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  3. The past 50 years have seen massive expansion of agriculture, with food prod

The past 50 years have seen massive expansion of agriculture, with food prod

游客2023-09-05  25
问题     The past 50 years have seen massive expansion of agriculture, with food production more than doubling in order to meet demand. But it has left us with 60% of all ecosystem services degraded, accelerated species extinction, and huge loss in genetic diversity. Currently, four plant species—wheat, maize, rice and potato— provide more than half of the plant-based calories in the human diet, while about a dozen animal species provide 90% of animal protein consumed globally.
    As the agricultural frontier has expanded, those farmers previously dependant on a more diverse source of livelihood have converted to cash crops. As traditional varieties and breeds die out, so too do the traditional knowledge and practices of local farmers. The focus on agricultural commodities rather than on food production to meet the basic needs of people has undermined diversity and self-reliance, and left farmers vulnerable to volatile markets, political instability and environmental change.
    Increased food production in some parts of the world has been at the expense of natural and semi-natural ecosystems that provide us greater long-term security. In Britain, studies have shown that hay production is higher in meadows with a greater number of species. In Australia, crop yields are higher in regions where native biodiversity has been preserved. In the seas, too, areas with a higher number of conserved species generate more fish for humans to catch and eat. There are many other examples from land and sea to show that a healthy environment means more food and a greater capacity to survive natural disasters. The current food crisis, meanwhile, will only be exacerbated by climate change, with southern Africa and South Asia expected to be particularly badly affected.
    So what are the solutions to feeding a growing world population in the face of climate change? We have been hearing about a Green Revolution for Africa, major irrigation and fertilization programs, genetically modified seed varieties, as well as banning the use of crops for bio-fuel production. Amazingly, there is very little attention being paid to what fundamentally underpins (支持) all of our food systems—biodiversity and the services provided by ecosystems, such as soil, water and resilience to disasters. We have to change the economic rules of current food production systems. We must eliminate agricultural and fisheries subsidies that support elites in the North, and get rid of protectionist measures in OEGD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries for agricultural products. We have to allow for value-added trade for the benefit of the South, and expand fair trade and labeling processes that create incentives and add benefits to producers in the South. We must change food production systems, moving from the existing model based on high inputs accessible through markets, to systems based on locally available and more environmentally-friendly inputs. [br] The writer cites the examples of Britain and Australia to prove that______.
选项 A、the increased food production has been at the expense of ecosystems
B、the increased food production creates negative impacts on the environment
C、feeding the world requires healthy ecosystems and equitable governance
D、a harmonious ecosystem will guarantee the sustainability of agriculture
答案 C
解析 综合推断题。第三段指出很多地方的农业发展是以环境恶化为代价的，而英国和澳大利亚的例子证明，健康的环境就意味着更多的粮食产出和面对自然灾难时更强的抵御能力。由此推断答案为C)“和谐的生态环境才能保证农业的可持续发展”。
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