Psychologists take opposing views of how【C1】______rewards, from warm praise

游客2023-08-23 31

问题 Psychologists take opposing views of how【C1】______rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviourists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of【C2】______life,【C3】______those rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters,【C4】______among educators. But the careful use of small【C5】______rewards sparks in grade-school children suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed【C6】______inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
"If they know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively【C7】______task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much【C8】______for rewards."
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and 【C9】______falling grades.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called【C10】______economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
A)maintain B)challenging C)eliminate D)internal
E)hinder F)especially G)restore H)monetary
I)ordinary J)aid K)external L)anticipation
M)generally N)token O)mental [br] 【C6】

选项

答案 J

解析此处应填动词。根据句意“但是《人格与社会心理学》杂志六月的一项研究表明在小学生中合理使用小数额的物质奖励显示适当的刺激物实际创造力”，该句和前文所讲的物质奖励破坏创造力存在前后转折关系，所以该空意思应该是鼓励而不是hinder“阻碍”，选项中aid“有助于”符合句意。

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