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  3. USC researchers have shown that when we’re tired or stressed, we’re just as

USC researchers have shown that when we’re tired or stressed, we’re just as

游客2023-08-04  36
问题     USC researchers have shown that when we’re tired or stressed, we’re just as likely to hit the gym or turn to other positive habits as we are to pop open a coke or commit some other acts of self-sabotage.
    Led by USC Professor Wendy Wood and David Neal, a former assistant psychology professor at USC, the research shows that lack of control doesn’t automatically mean indulgence or hedonism (享乐) —it’s the underlying routine that matters, for better or worse. "When we try to change our behavior, we strategize about our motivation and self-control. But what we should be thinking about instead is how to set up new habits. Habits persist even when we’re tired and don’t have the energy to exert self-control," said Wood. Wood is one of the world’s leading experts on habit, the automatic behaviors that make it possible for us to function every day. Learned habits also play a big role in our health; research has shown that lack of exercise, overeating and smoking are significant risk factors for major diseases. Indeed, obesity and smoking are the two primary reasons Americans die before people in other high-income countries, according to a recent National Academy of Sciences report led by Professor Eileen Crimmins, holder of the AARP Chair in Gerontology.
    But while most disease prevention efforts focus on self-control, the latest research from Wood shows that the best way to prevent diseases might be knowing how to let go. In one experiment Wood and her co-investigators followed students for a semester, including during exams. They found that during testing periods, when students were stressed and sleep-deprived, they were even more likely to stick to old habits. It was as if they didn’t have the energy to do something new, Wood explained.
    Students who ate unhealthy breakfasts during the semester, such as pastries or doughnuts (甜甜圈), ate even more of the junk food during exams. But the same was true of oatmeal (燕麦) eaters: Those in the habit of eating a healthy breakfast were also more likely to stick to routine and ate especially well in the morning when under pressure. "You might expect that when students were stressed and had little time, they wouldn’t read the paper at all, but instead they fell back on their reading habits," Wood said. "Habits don’t require much willpower and thought and deliberation."
    Wood continued: "So, the central question for behavior change efforts should be, how can you form healthy, productive habits? What we know about habit formation is that you want to make the behavior easy to perform, so that people repeat it often and it becomes part of their daily routine." [br] What are the primary reasons Americans die before people in other high-income countries?
选项 A、Lack of exercise and smoking.
B、Obesity and smoking.
C、Lack of exercise and obesity.
D、Overeating and obesity.
答案 B
解析 细节题。根据题干中的the primary reasons Americans die before people in other high-income countries定位到原文第二段。该段末句提到，实际上，根据美国退休者协会老年医学研究会的主席艾琳.克里明斯教授近期领导的国家科学院调查所示，肥胖和吸烟是美国人比其他高收入国家的人寿命短的两大主要因素。由此可知，四个选项中只有B项符合原文，故选B。
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