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  3. If you think giving someone the cold shoulder inflicts pain only on them, be

If you think giving someone the cold shoulder inflicts pain only on them, be

游客2023-08-04  46
问题     If you think giving someone the cold shoulder inflicts pain only on them, beware. A new study shows that individuals who deliberately avoid another person are equally distressed by the experience.
    What causes this discomfort? The research found that complying with instructions to exclude another person leads most people to feel shame and guilt, along with a diminished sense of autonomy, explains Nicole Legate, lead author of the Psychological Science paper and a doctoral candidate at the University of Rochester. The results also showed that inflicting social pain makes people feel less connected to others. "We are social animals at heart," says Legate. "We typically are empathetic (同感的) and avoid harming others unless we feel threatened."
    To capture the dual dynamics of social rejection, the researchers turned to Cyberball, an online game developed by ostracism (排斥) researcher Kipling Williams of Purdue University. For this study, each participant tossed a ball with two other "players" in the game. The participant is led to believe that the other players are controlled by real people from offsite computers. In fact, the virtual players are part of the experiment and are preprogrammed to either play fair (share the ball equally) or play mean (exclude one player after initially sharing the ball twice).
    The researchers randomly assigned 152 undergraduates to one of four game scenarios. In the "ostracizer" group, one of the virtual players was programmed to exclude the other virtual player and the study participant was instructed to exclude the same player. In a second set-up, the tables were turned. This time the pre-programmed players froze out the study participant. The study participant, who read instructions to throw the ball to other players, was left empty handed for most of the game, watching the ball pass back and forth, unable to join in.
    "Although there are no visible scars, ostracism has been shown to activate the same neural pathways as physical pain," says Ryan. But complying with instructions to exclude others was equally disheartening, the data shows, though for different reasons. This study suggests that the psychological costs of rejecting others are linked primarily to the thwarting (挫败) of autonomy and relatedness.
    These new experiments build on the classic work of Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram and others who demonstrated that people are disturbingly willing to inflict pain on others when instructed to by an authority. As in Milgram’s studies, only a small number of the participants in this current research refused to snub (冷落) the other player. The authors suggest that future investigations could explore the differences between individuals who comply with and those who defy pressure to harm others. [br] How was the second set-up designed?
选项 A、All players played the game as they will.
B、A visual player was excluded.
C、The game was played in a fair way.
D、The study participant was excluded.
答案 D
解析 细节题。根据题干中的the second set. up定位到原文第四段。该段第三、四句提到，在第二个场景中，情况正好相反。这一次，被预先设定程序的两位玩家排挤实验参与者。由此可知，第二个场景的设计是排挤实验参与者，故选D。
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