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  3. Peoples of BritainIntroduction The sto

Peoples of BritainIntroduction The sto

游客2023-08-02  12
问题                                      Peoples of Britain
Introduction
    The story of early Britain has traditionally been told in terms of waves of invaders displacing or annihilating(消灭) their predecessors. Archaeology suggests that this picture is fundamentally wrong. For over 10,000 years people have been moving into—and out of—Britain, sometimes in substantial numbers, yet there has always been a basic continuity of population.
    The gene pool of the island has changed, but more slowly and far less completely than implied by the old "invasion model", and the notion of large-scale migrations, once the key explanation for change in early Britain, has been widely discredited.
    Before Roman times "Britain" was just a geographical entity, and had no political meaning, and no single cultural identity. Arguably this remained generally true until the 17th century, when James I of England sought to establish a pan-British monarchy.
    Throughout recorded history the island has consisted of multiple cultural groups and identities. Many of these groupings looked outwards, across the seas, for their closest connections—they did not necessarily connect naturally with their fellow islanders, many of whom were harder to reach than maritime neighbors in Ireland or continental Europe.
    It therefore makes no sense to look at Britain in isolation; we have to consider it with Ireland as part of the wider "Atlantic Archipelago", nearer to continental Europe and, like Scandinavia, part of the North Sea world.
First Peoples
    From the arrival of the first modern humans—who were hunter-gatherers, following the retreating ice of the Ice Age northwards—to the beginning of recorded history is a period of about 100 centuries, or 400 generations. This is a vast time span, and we know very little about what went on through those years; it is hard even to fully answer the question, "Who were the early peoples of Britain?", because they have left no accounts of themselves.
    We can, however, say that biologically they were part of the Caucasoid(高加索人种) population of Europe.
The regional physical stereotypes familiar to us today, a pattern widely thought to result from the post-Roman Anglo-Saxa and Viking invasions—red-headed people in Scotland, small, dark-haired folk in Wales and lanky blondes in southern England—already existed in Roman times. Insofar as they represent reality, they perhaps attest the post-Ice Age peopling of Britain, or the first farmers of 6,000 years ago.
Before Rome: the "Celts"
    the end of the Iron Age(roughly the last 700 years B.C., we get our first eye-witness accounts of Britain from Greco-Roman authors, not least Julius Caesar who invaded in 55 and 54 B.C. These reveal a mosaic of named peoples(Trinovantes, Silures, Cornovii, Selgovac, etc.), but there is little sign such groups had any sense of collective identity any more than the islanders of AD 1000 all considered themselves "Britons".
    However, there is one thing that the Romans, modern archaeologists and the Iron Age islanders themselves word all agree on: they were not Celts. This was an invention of the 18th century; the name was not used earlier. The idea canto from the discovery around 1700 that the non-English island tongues relate to that of the ancient continental Gauls, who really were called Celts. This ancient continental ethnic label was applied to the wider family of languages. But "Celtic" was soon extended to describe insular monuments, art, culture and peoples, ancient and modern: island "Celtic" identity was born, like Britishness, in the 18th century.
    Archaeologists widely agree on two things about the British Iron Age: its many regional cultures grew out of the preceding local Bronze Age, and did not derive from waves of continental "Celtic" invaders. And secondly, calling the British Iron Age "Celtic" is so misleading that it is best abandoned. Of course, there are important cultural similarities and connections between Britain, Ireland and continental Europe, reflecting intimate contacts and undoubtedly the movement of some people, but the same could be said for many other periods of history.
Britain and the Romans
    The Roman conquest, which started in AD 43, illustrates the profound cultural and political impact that small numbers of people can have in some circumstances, for the Romans did not colonise the islands of Britain to any significant degree. To a population of around three million, their army, administration and carpet-baggers added only a few percent.
    The province’s towns and villas were overwhelmingly built by native people—again the wealthy—adopting the new international culture of power. Greco-Roman civilisation displaced the "Celtic" culture of Iron Age Europe. These islanders actually became Romans, both culturally and legally(the Roman citizenship was more a political status than an ethnic identity). By AD 300, almost everyone in "Britannia" was Roman, legally and culturally, even though of native descent and still mostly speaking "Celtic" dialects. Roman rule saw profound cultural change, but emphatically without any mass migration.
    However, Rome only ever conquered half the island. The future Scotland remained beyond Roman government, although the nearby presence of the empire had major effects. The kingdom of the Picts appeared during the third century AD, the first of a series of statelets which, during the last years and collapse of Roman power, developed through the merging of the "tribes" of earlier times.
The "Dark Ages"
    In western and northern Britain, around the western seas, the end of Roman power saw the reassertion of ancient patterns, i.e. continuity of linguistic and cultural trends reaching back to before the Iron Age. Yet in the long term, the continuous development of a shifting mosaic of societies gradually tended(as elsewhere in Europe) towards larger states.
    The western—most parts of the old province, where Roman ways had ant displaced traditional culture, also participate these trends, creating small kingdoms which would develop, under pressure from the Saxons, into the Welsh and Cornish regions.
    The fate of the rest of the Roman province was very different: after imperial power collapsed about 410 AD Romanised civilisation swiftly vanished. By the sixth century, most of Britannia was taken over by "Germanic" kingdoms. There was apparently complete discontinuity between Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England; it was once believed that the Romano-British were slaughtered or driven west by hordes(游牧部落)of invading AngloSaxons, part of the great westward movement of "barbarians" overwhelming the western empire. However, there was no such simple displacement of "Celts" by "Germans".
Conclusion
    How many settlers actually crossed the North Sea to Britain is disputed, although it is clear that they eventually mixed with substantial surviving native populations which, in many areas, apparently formed the majority.
    As with the adoption of "Celtic" cultural traits in the Iron Age, and then Greco-Roman civilisation, so the development of Anglo-Saxon England marks the adoption of a new politically ascendant culture; that of the "Germanic barbarians".
    Contrary to the traditional idea that Britain originally possessed a "Celtic" uniformity, which first Roman, then Saxon and other invaders disrupted, in reality Britain has always been home to multiple peoples. While its population has shown strong biological continuity over millennia, the identities the islanders have chosen to adopt have undergone some remarkable changes. Many of these have been due to contacts and conflicts across the seas, not least as the result of episodic, but often very modest, arrivals of newcomers.
选项 A、Y
B、N
C、NG
答案 B
解析 由题干中的信息词predecessors可定位在第一个小标题下的第一段。由第一句可知传统上人们是这样理解的，但第二句指出这种说法不正确。原文与题干内容不符。
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