2. 职称英语
  3. In the early 1800’s, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was en

In the early 1800’s, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was en

游客2023-07-28  42
问题     In the early 1800’s, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was engaged in agriculture. Sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent. People who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often participated in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. Others cured meats, silversmiths, candle or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle makers, and other artisans (手艺人) worked in their homes or barns, relying on help of family.
    Perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to the United States society than the rise of industrialization. Industrial growth hinged on several economic factors. First, industry requires an abundance of natural resources, especially coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber--all readily available on the North American continent. Second, factories demand a large labor supply. Between the 1870’s and the First World War (1914-1918), approximately  23 million immigrants streamed to the United States, settled in cities, and went to work in factories and mines. They also helped build the vast network of canals and railroads that crisscrossed the continent and linked important trade centers essential to industrial growth.
    Factories also offered a reprieve (暂时减轻) from the backbreaking work and financial unpredictability associated with farming. Many adults, poor and disillusioned (大失所望) with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive.
    The United States economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work was permanently altered. Whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled craft workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products from start to finish, factories relied on specialization. While factory work was less creative and more monotonous (单调无聊的),  it was also more efficient and allowed mass production of goods at less expense. [br] What does the author mean when stating that certain inventions made farming "capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive" (Line 7, Para. 3)?
选项 A、Workers had to be trained to operate the new machines.
B、Mechanized farming required more capital and fewer laborers.
C、The new inventions were not helpful for all farming activities.
D、Human labor could still accomplish as much work as the first machines.
答案 B
解析 第三段最后一句提到：“…inventions such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farm hand to perform work that previously had required several，thus making farming capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive．”前半句说铁犁和收割机等新的发明使一个人可以干以前几个人的活，这样就使农业生产不再是“labor-intensive”  而是“capital-intensive”，因此可以判断出B项是正确答案。
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