首页
登录
职称英语
Child Abuse Definition of Child Abuse Child
Child Abuse Definition of Child Abuse Child
游客
2023-07-28
37
管理
问题
Child Abuse
Definition of Child Abuse
Child abuse is also called cruelty to children, which is the purposeful infliction (施加) of pain and suffering on children through physical, sexual, or emotional mistreatment. Prior to the 1970s, the term child abuse normally referred only to physical mistreatment. But since then its application has expanded to include physical violence; unjustifiable verbal abuse; the failure to supply proper shelter, nourishment, medical treatment, or emotional support; sexual misbehaviors; and the use of children in illegal fields.
Current Situation of Child Abuse
Surveys in North America and Europe indicate that between 10 and 30 percent of young girls are subjected to exploitation or abuse as widely defined above. Estimates of abuse or neglect by parents or guardians range from about 1 out of every 100 children to more than 1 in 7, and figures are far higher if emotional abuse and neglect are included. Although widely prevalent, child abuse is often overlooked by family, friends, and health professionals. Prejudice, anxiety, and shame—not lack of information—seem to be the major reasons for the failure to recognize the private acts of violence. Child abuse can have serious future consequences for its victims, including delays in physical growth, damaged language abilities, and problems in personality development, learning, and behavior.
Causes of Child Abuse
Cruelty to children has several major causes. Abusive behavior of parents can be viewed as responses to stressful situations and feelings of powerlessness. As such, they show the abnormal efforts of adults to master situations that are out of their control and to regain a psychological balance through the force on defenseless children. Studies have shown that a large part of parents who abuse their children were themselves physically or emotionally mistreated during their childhood. Typically over disciplined and deprived of parental love in their childhood, these parents repeat the pattern with their own children, often in the belief that they are rightfully exercising their parental right to punish a child.
Legal Issues of Child Abuse
The legal definition of child abuse differs between societies and has changed greatly over time. For example, some European countries prohibit the use of physical violence to execute discipline, but others permit moderate forms of power infliction. Despite these differences, the abusive treatment of children, however it is defined, is widely forbidden by criminal laws. One of the earliest national laws to protect children from cruel treatment was adopted in Great Britain in 1884, when the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was organized. Similar organizations subsequently were created in other countries. In the United States in 1875, New York became the first state to establish laws to protect children. Its laws served as a model for other states, all of which developed laws defining child abuse a criminal offense.
Social Efforts in Combating Child Abuse
Since the 1970s, conservative and feminists(女权主义) groups, for different reasons, have sought measures to combat child abuse. Although earlier campaigns against child abuse had emphasized the threat caused by strangers, feminists stressed the greater danger brought by male intimates, such as fathers, stepfathers, uncles, and brothers. Because abuse by male relatives is rarely reported, child- welfare supporters called for new laws that would allow greater intervention (干涉) by outside professionals. During the 1970s and 1980s; most states adopted some form of reporting procedure, by which doctors, teachers, and social workers were required to report any cases that might show suspected child abuse. The courts also change their procedures to grant more protection to victims. For example, judges and lawyers were encouraged to ask questions in a way that did not puzzle or frighten children.
Dangers of Overreaction to Child Abuse
By the mid 1980s, child abuse was considered a leading social problem in the United States and other Western countries. The extent of the problem seemed to be increasing, and many claims were made about the serious situation of child abuse. In part this was the result of new methods used by social workers and psychotherapists (精神治疗医师) to interview children suspected of being abused. Interviews conducted with these methods often suggested that the child had been mistreated, so many of the children who reported abuse through the new methods were inventing die stories. As critics later pointed out, the methods--which involved repeatedly asking leading and suggestive questions and rewarding children for giving the "right" answers—encouraged children to tell false stories of abuse or to believe, contrary to fact, that abuse had taken place.
One significant series of cases involving such reports were the trials beginning in 1984 of Virginia McMartin, founder of the McMartin Preschool in Manhattan Beach, California, and others on dozens of cases of child abuse. Most of the charges, which were based on reports of abuse collected in interviews with hundreds of students, were finally dropped for lack of evidence. In 1990, the last case resulting from the affair ended in a mistrial (无效审判), Even so, the careers of the McMartin family, as well as their reputations, were mined.
Recent developments
During the early 1990s, charges of child abuse had to face serious criticism, which caused a reverse to the child-protection movement. Following a number of well-publicized cases of child sexual abuse and murder in the early 1990s, many U.S. states passed laws, which provided for the lengthy detention (拘留) of sex offenders, especially those who had aimed at children. They passed other laws, including variations of Megan’s law, which required that local schools, day-care facilities, and residents be informed by police of sex offenders in their communities. The laws were widely imitated in Europe. Nevertheless, reports of child abuse in developed countries grew sharply in the 1990s. Japan, for example, recorded a ten-fold increase in the period 1990~2000.
Opinions about the scale and nature of child abuse have changed greatly since the 1960s, and the notion that children are widely subject to abuse and exploitation has become firmly fixed in the public ideas. Child abuse has also become a major topic of study in academy; themes of abuse are now common in the social and behavioral sciences, as well as in such diverse subjects as literature, social theory, and cultural and women’s studies. The increasing interest in child abuse, child protection, and children’s rights was one of the most significant social developments of the late 20th century. [br] In mid 80s, some American children tended to make stories of being abused for fun.
选项
A、Y
B、N
C、NG
答案
B
解析
文章第六段说到“Interviews conducted with these methods often suggested that the child had been mistreated, so many of the children who reported abuse through the new methods were inventing the stories.”采用新方法对儿童进行的访谈经常暗示儿童他们曾经受到虐待,所以很多受到新方法影响而声称受到虐待的儿童其实是在编故事。那么,本题说“80年代中期,很多美国孩子倾向于编造受虐待的故事来取乐”是不符合文章内容的,事实上他们是受到了外来因素的影响。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/2876178.html
相关试题推荐
ChildAbuseDefinitionofChildAbuseChild
ChildAbuseDefinitionofChildAbuseChild
ChildAbuseDefinitionofChildAbuseChild
ChildAbuseDefinitionofChildAbuseChild
[originaltext]Itisdifficulttogiveanaccuratedefinitionof"temperatur
[originaltext]Itisdifficulttogiveanaccuratedefinitionof"temperatur
Whatisfeminism?Bygeneraldefinition,feminismisa【S1】______inwhichwom
Whatisfeminism?Bygeneraldefinition,feminismisa【S1】______inwhichwom
Whatisfeminism?Bygeneraldefinition,feminismisa【S1】______inwhichwom
Whatisfeminism?Bygeneraldefinition,feminismisa【S1】______inwhichwom
随机试题
Comparativelythetelephonechargesarelowerifyoumakeacall______.[br]Wh
下列哪项例证了内部控制的固有局限性?()A.会计主管同时操作和记录现金存款
所检验的水泥凡细度、初凝时间、不溶物和烧失量任一项不符合标准规定,均判为不合格品
下列不属于基金客户服务特点的是()。A.持续性 B.规范性 C.永久
股票具有()等特征。 ①收益性 ②风险性 ③流动性 ④永久性?A:①②
异丙肾上腺素在临床常用于治疗哮喘,治疗过程中给患者带来最多的副作用是A:心动过速
基础心理学是研究()。 (A)正常成人心理现象的心理学基础学科 (B
(二) 中国邮政面对电子商务的蓬勃发展以及信息技术挑战,启动了电子邮件工程,邮
代理付款行接到收款人或持票人交来的银行本票和进账单,按规定审查无误后办理兑付,会
有四个互斥方案,寿命期均为10年,基准收益率为8%,(P/A,8%,10)
最新回复
(
0
)