首页
登录
职称英语
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatur
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatur
游客
2023-07-20
23
管理
问题
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards";and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so taught them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights—and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control. [br] The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because______.
选项
A、the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"
B、the sight of the lights was interesting
C、they need not turn back to watch the lights
D、they succeeded in "switching on" the lights
答案
D
解析
推理判断题。最后一段可以看出,Papousek把灯放在要儿的面前,婴儿并不会看,但是会因为灯亮而开心。结合第三段第四句,可以推断出,婴儿学会简单的动作不是因为可以喝牛奶这种基本需要,因此A不正确;也不是因为灯光有趣,因此B也不正确;C选项说因为他们不需要转过头去看灯光,与原文不符,也不正确。在文章的最后一段最后一句话,Papousek总结出婴儿之所以会学习某些行为是由于解决问题所取得的成功。因此选择D选项,是因为成功打开灯光产生的成就感而开心。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/2852506.html
相关试题推荐
PatentsHumanbeingsarecompetitivecreatures.
PatentsHumanbeingsarecompetitivecreatures.
PatentsHumanbeingsarecompetitivecreatures.
PatentsHumanbeingsarecompetitivecreatures.
PatentsHumanbeingsarecompetitivecreatures.
[originaltext]Inmanyplaces,iceisaswidelyusedasbread,anditwould
[originaltext]Inmanyplaces,iceisaswidelyusedasbread,anditwould
[originaltext]Inmanyplaces,iceisaswidelyusedasbread,anditwould
WilliamShakespearewasanEnglishpoetandplaywright,widelyregardedast
WilliamShakespearewasanEnglishpoetandplaywright,widelyregardedast
随机试题
[originaltext]ForalongtimeAmericanspreferredthingswhichweremasspr
[originaltext]W:Hello,Mr.Brown.Iwasexpectingyourcall.Mysecretaryt
男性,37岁。颜面及双下肢水肿伴尿少、高血压3年入院。既往有肠梗阻手术史。查体:
不属于甲状腺未分化癌病理类型的是A、隐匿性癌 B、巨细胞癌 C、梭形细胞癌
已知函数f(x)=lg(x+1)。 (1)若0<f(1-2x)-f(x)<1,
维生素C可使尿糖检测( )。A.班氏法呈假阳性,试带法呈假阴性 B.班氏法、
项目部脚手架检查与验收应由( )组织。 A、项目经理 B、施工负责人
与水杨酸钠合用能影响其肾排泄的药物是A.二甲双胍 B.罗红霉素 C.青霉素
下列关于操作风险说法正确的是( )。A.操作风险是指由不完善或有问题的内部程序
按照韦氏智商分级标准,IQ在90~109之间的人约占全体人群的()。 (
最新回复
(
0
)