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  3. Male pilots flying general aviation (专用航空) (private) aircraft in the United

Male pilots flying general aviation (专用航空) (private) aircraft in the United

游客2023-07-11  49
问题     Male pilots flying general aviation (专用航空) (private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention (疏忽) or flawed decision-making, while female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.
    The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85% of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots, as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots," explains Susan p. Baker, MPH (Master of Public Health, 公共卫生硕士), professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash. "
    The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1: 2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender.
    The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pilots’ crashes and 36 percent of males’. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and landing the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling (熄火，失速) was more likely with females.
    The majority of the crashes — 95% for females and 88% for males — involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics (动力学) was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females (accounting for 81% of the crashes) than males (accounting for 48%). Male, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decisionmaking, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts. [br] What is the most common circumstance of crash with female pilots?
选项 A、Mechanical failure and running out of fuel.
B、Loss of control on landing or takeoff and stalling.
C、Loss of control on landing or takeoff and running out of fuel.
D、Stalling and landing with the gear up.
答案 B
解析 定位在第4段第2句：Experiencing mechanical failure，running out of fuel，andlanding the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males，whilestalling was more likely with females．(机械故障、燃油耗尽和降落时不放下起落装置是男飞行员常犯的错误，而飞机失速则更容易发生在女飞行员身上。)这句话表明除了stalling之外，选项中其他情况均是男性飞行员常出现的问题，故正确选项为B。
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