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  3. Text 4 Economic theory suggests that reg

Text 4 Economic theory suggests that reg

题库2022-08-02  53
问题 Text 4 Economic theory suggests that regional inequalities should diminish as poorer places attract investment and grow faster than richer ones.The 20th century bore that theory out:income gaps narrowed across American states.No longer.Affluent places are now pulling away from poorer ones.This geographlcal divergence has dramatic consequences.Opportunities are limited for those stuck in the wrong place,and the wider economy suffers.If all its citizens had lived in places of high productivity over the past 50 years,America's economy could have grown twice as fast as it did.Divergence is the result of big forces.In the modern economy scale is increasingly important.The social network that everyone else is on is most attractive to new users;the stock cxchange with the deepest pool of investors is best for raising capital.These returns to scale create fewer,superstar firms clustered in fewer,superstar places.Everywhere else is left behind.Even as rcgional disparities widen,people are becoming less mobile.Demographic shifts help explain this.But the bigger culprit is poor policies.Soaring housing costs in prosperous cities kcep newcomers out.In America the spread of state-specific occupational licensrng and governmeni benefits punishes those who move.The pension of a teacher who stays in the same state could be twice as big as that of a teacher who moves mid-career.Perversely,policies to help the poor unintentionally exacerbate the plight of left-behind places.Unemployment and health benefits enable the least employable people ro survive in struggling places when once they would have had no choice but to move.Welfare makes capitalism Iess brutal for individuals,but it perpetuates the problems where they live.What to do?One answer is to help people move.Thriving places could do more to build the housing and infrastructure to accommodate newcomers.Accelerating the mutual recognition of credentials across state borders would help people move to where they can be most productive.But greater mobility also has a perverse side-effect.By draining poor places of talented workers,it exacerbates their troubles.The local tax-base erodes as productive workers leave,even as welfare and pension obligations mount.To avoid these outcomes,politicians have long tried to bolster left-behind places with subsidies.But such"regional policies"have a patchy record,at best.Better for politicians to focus on speeding up the diffusion of technology and business practices from high-performing places.A beefed-up competition policy could reduce industrial concentration,which saps the economy of dynamism while focusing the gains from growth in fewer firms and places.Fostering clusters by encouraging the creation of private investment funds targeted on particular regions might help.Perhaps most of all,politicians need a different mindset.For progressives,alleviating poverty has demanded welfare;for libertarians,freeing up the economy.Both have focused on people.But the complex interaction of demography,welfare and globalisation means that is insufficient.Easing the anger of the left-behincl means realising that places matter,too.The social network and the stock exchange are mentioned to indicate that_____A.scale economy contributes to regional inequalityB.resource integration helps regional developmentC.the scale of a firm influences its profitabilityD.the returns to scale economy are declining
选项 A.scale economy contributes to regional inequality
B.resource integration helps regional development
C.the scale of a firm influences its profitability
D.the returns to scale economy are declining
答案 A
解析 [信息锁定]第二段首两句指出区域发展不平等是规模经济所致。随后两句列举“社交网络和证券交易所的规模越庞大，越能吸引客户创造更高回报，而高回报反过来又使得企业不断扩张并聚集在少数地区”予以说明。故A.正确。[解题技巧]B.根据例子细节“社交网络和证券交易所广泛吸引客户”而臆断出“资源整合”这一与文义无关的概念；C.仅局限于事例细节本身而未能联系上下文推断举例的目的．D.将末句规模经济的影响“导致少数企业不断扩张并聚集在少数地区”（These returns to scale creare fewer.．．fewer,…）曲解为规模经济的回报正在减少，且也仅仅局限于事例细节本身。
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