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  3. Text 2 Internet service providers have r

Text 2 Internet service providers have r

admin2022-08-02  49
问题 Text 2 Internet service providers have realized that they are sitting on a treasure chest of data about your online activities that they could be selling to advertisers.Recognizing the privacy threat,the Federal Communications Commission adopted rules that would have stopped them from doing so without your consent,but Congress recently shot down the regulation.This is a big deal.Privacy doesn't merely benefit individuals;it fundamentally shapes how society functions.It is crucial for marginalized communities and for social movements.Privacy enables these groups to network,organize,and develop their ideas before challenging the status quo.But when people know they're being tracked and monitored,they change their behavior.This chilling effect hurts our intellectual freedoms and our capacity for social progress.The data that tracks our behavior feeds into machine-learning algorithms that make judgments about us.When used for advertising,they can reproduce our own prejudiced behavior.Marketers can use machine learning to figure out your unique features-do you resDond better to words or to pictures?Do you make impulsive shopping decisions?-to target you with exactly the advertisement that will best persuade you.When consequential decisions about employment or loans are made using this kind of data,the result can feel absurd and incomprehensible,because these systems aren't programmed to explain their decisions.There aren't yet effective ways for humans to hold algorithms accountable for how they categorize us.The good news is how effective technology can be in preventing tracking.We found that ad blockers and other browser-privacy tools can decrease tracking by 80 percent or more.More complex tools can be even more effective.In other worcls,the more technically savvy among us can enjoy dramatically better privacy and digital freedoms.But this has resulted in a technological"arms race,"which is worrying by itself,but also because such technical skill correlates with historically advantaged groups.Meanwhile,publishers are caught in the ad-blocking crossfire,endangering the free press.One bright spot is that online privacy research has had a tremendous effect.It has helped regulators curb the worst of the offenses,forced companies to roll back invasions because of public-relations pressure,spurred the development of privacy tools,and developed a healthy public debate about online tracking.The fight for privacy is now closely linked to the fight for digital civil liberties and democratic values,and it is a movement that includes activists,artists,journalists,researchers,and everyday users of technology.There's tremendous power in your hands to take charge of your own privacy as well as foster these societal values.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that data-driven algorithms could____A.overcome personal prejudicesB.produce unconvincing advertisementsC.form unreliable hiring decisionsD.categorize humans reasonably
选项 A.overcome personal prejudices
B.produce unconvincing advertisements
C.form unreliable hiring decisions
D.categorize humans reasonably
答案 C
解析 [信息锁定]第三段首先指出个人数据可被用于机器学习算法，评判人类。随即明确影响：用于做广告时，会复制我们自身偏见行为；用于营销时，可实现精准投放，更有效劝诱消费者；用于雇佣和贷款决策时，往往生成荒谬难懂的结果。可见C.符合文意。[解题技巧]A.与第三段②句“个人数据驱动的算法会复制（reproduce）我们自身的偏见行为”矛盾。B.与第三段③句“算法有助于营销人员发现你的特点、向你精准投放最能说服你的广告”相悖。D.对第三段⑤句effective ways.…accountable.…categorize us断章取义：将其原本含义“基于数据的算法无法对‘如何对人类分类’负责（即：其分类并不可靠）”理解为与之相反的“可将人们合理分类”。
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英语二研究生

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