首页
登录
公务员类
In its modern form the concept of “liter
In its modern form the concept of “liter
免费题库
2022-08-02
83
问题
In its modern form the concept of “literature” did not emerge earlier than the eighteenth century and was not fully developed until the nineteenth century. Yet the conditions for its emergence had been developing since the Renaissance. The word itself came into English use in the fourteenth century, following French and Latin precedents; its root was Latin?littera, a letter of the alphabet.?Litterature, in the common early spelling, was then in effect a condition of reading: of being able to read and of having read. It was often close to the sense of modern?literacy, which was not in the language until the late nineteenth century, its introduction in part made necessary by the movement of?literature?to a different sense. The normal adjective associated with literature was?literate. Literary appeared in the sense of reading ability and experience in the seventeenth century, and did not acquire its specialized modern meaning until the eighteenth century. Literature?as a new category was then a specialization of the area formerly categorized as?rhetoric?and?grammar: a specialization to reading and, in the material context of the development of printing, to the printed word and especially the book. It was eventually to become a more general category than?poetry?or the earlier?poesy, which had been general terms for imaginative composition, but which in relation to the development of?literaturebecame predominantly specialized, from the seventeenth century, to metrical composition and especially written and printed metrical composition. But literature was never primarily the active composition─the “making”─which poetry had described. As reading rather than writing, it was a category of a different kind. The characteristic use can be seen in Bacon “learned in all literature and erudition, divine and humane”─and as late as Johnson “he had probably more than common literature, as his son addresses him in one of his most elaborate Latin poems.”?Literature, that is to say, was a category of use and condition rather than of production. It was a particular specialization of what had hitherto been seen as an activity or practice, and a specialization, in the circumstances, which was inevitably made in terms of social class. In its first extended sense, beyond the bare sense of “literacy,” it was a definition of “polite” or “humane” learning, and thus specified a particular social distinction. New political concepts of the “nation” and new valuations of the “vernacular” interacted with a persistent emphasis on “literature” as reading in the “classical” languages. But still, in this first stage, into the eighteenth century,?literature?was primarily a generalized social concept, expressing a certain (minority) level of educational achievement. This carded with it a potential and eventually realized alternative definition of?literature?as “printed books:” the objects in and through which this achievement was demonstrated. It is important that, within the terms of this development, literature normally included all printed books. There was not necessary specialization to “imaginative” works. Literature was still primarily reading ability and experience, and this included philosophy, history, and essays as well as poems. Were the new eighteenth century novels literature? That question was first approached, not by definition of their mode or content, but by reference to the standards of “polite” or “humane” learning. Was drama literature? This question was to exercise successive generations, not because of any substantial difficulty but because of the practical limits of the category. If literature was reading, could a mode written for spoken performance be said to be literature, and if not, where was Shakespeare? At one level the definition indicated by this development has persisted. Literature lost its earliest sense of reading ability and reading experience, and became an apparently objective category of printed works of a certain quality. The concerns of a “literary editor” or a “literary supplement” would still be defined in this way. But three complicating tendencies can then be distinguished: first, a shift from “learning” to “taste” or “sensibility” as a criterion defining literary quality; second, an increasing specialization of literature to “creative” or “imaginative” works; third, a development of the concept of “tradition” within national terms, resulting in the more effective definition of “a national literature.” The source of each of these tendencies can be discerned from the Renaissance, but it was in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that they came through most powerfully, until they became, in the twentieth century, in effect received assumptions.What did literature mean in its earliest sense?A.Reading ability.B.Reading ability and experienceC.Writing abilityD.Reading and writing
选项
A.Reading ability.
B.Reading ability and experience
C.Writing ability
D.Reading and writing
答案
B
解析
根据第一段Litterature...of being able to read and of having read, Literary...reading ability and experience...和最后一段第二句Literature lost its earliest sense of reading ability and reading experience可知,最初的literature指的是阅读的能力和经历。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/gongwuyuan/2635146.html
本试题收录于:
英语言文学 军队文职题库军队文职人员招聘分类
英语言文学 军队文职
军队文职人员招聘
相关试题推荐
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveprodu
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveprodu
Theconceptoftelevision,_____images
Initsmodernformtheconceptof“liter
Initsmodernformtheconceptof“liter
Initsmodernformtheconceptof“liter
Initsmodernformtheconceptof“liter
Initsmodernformtheconceptof“liter
Conceptualmeaningisnot()A.affective
()isNOTincludedinthemodernistgro
随机试题
ThefirstpresidentinU.S.historywhoresignedbecauseofascandalis______.
Traditionally,theAmericanfarmerhasalwaysbeenindependentandhard-wor
下列后尿道瓣膜Ⅲ型的特点,不正确的是A.位于精阜远端膜部尿道,呈环状隔膜样 B
咳嗽带有鸡鸣样吼声常见的疾病是A.肺结核 B.极度虚弱病 C.肺癌 D.声
下面属于大型工程的是( )。 A、交通安全设施单项合同额≥500万元 B
小张的信用卡账单日为每月10日,到期还款日为每月28日,8月10日银行为小张打印
下列治法,体现了阴阳制约的是A.寒者热之,热者寒之 B.阳中求阴,阴中求阳
胚胎组织的免疫系统发育尚不充分,对外界刺激反应较慢,如果将胚胎组织注射到受外伤的
由于期货结算机构的担保履约作用,结算会员及其客户可以随时对冲合约而不必征得原始对
影响从众的因素主要包括()。多选A.情境的明确性 B.性别 C.群体
最新回复
(
0
)