　　The object of this essay is to assert

练习题库2022-08-02 39

问题　　The object of this essay is to assert one very simple principle as entitled to govern absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control, whether the means used be physical force in the form of legal penalties, or the moral coercion of public opinion. That principle is, that the sole end for which mankind is warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection. That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinions of others, to do so would be wise, or even right. These are good reasons for remonstrating with him, or reasoning with him, or persuading him, but not for compelling him, or visiting him with any evil in case he do otherwise. To justify that, the conduct from which it is desired to deter him must be calculated to produce evil to someone else. The only part of the conduct for anyone, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns himself, his dependence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.

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解析本文的目的是要力主一条极其简单的原则，使凡属社会以强制和控制方法对付个人之事，不论所用手段是法律惩罚方式下的物质力量或者是公众意见下的道德压力，都要绝对以它为准绳。这条原则就是：人类之所以有理有权可以各别地或者集体地对其中任何分子的行动自由进行干涉，唯一的目的只是自我防卫。这就是说，对于文明群体中的任一成员，所以能够施用一种权力以反其意志而不失为正当，唯一的目的只是要防止对他人的危害。若说为了那人自己的好处，不论是物质上的或者是精神上的好处，那不成为充足的理由。人们不能强迫一个人去做一件事或者不去做一件事，说因为这对他比较好，因为这会使他比较愉快，因为这在别人的意见认为是聪明的或者甚至是正当的；这样不能算是正当。所有这些理由，若是为了向他规劝，或是为了和他辨理，或是为了对他说服，以至是为了向他恳求，那都是好的；但只是不能借以对他实行强迫，或者说，如果他相反而行的话便要使他遭受什么灾祸。要使强迫成为正当，必须是所要对他加以吓阻的那宗行为将会对他人产生祸害。任何人的行为，只有涉及他人的那部分才须对社会负责。在仅只涉及本人的那部分，他的独立性在权利上则是绝对的。对于本人自己，对于他自己的身和心，个人乃是最高主权者。

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The object of this essay is to assert

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