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  3. 资料：Even as rich countries seek to rid wo

资料：Even as rich countries seek to rid wo

资格题库2022-08-02  65
问题 资料：Even as rich countries seek to rid workplaces of subtle gender bias, in many developing ones discrimination remains overt. According to the World Bank, women are barred from certain jobs in 104 countries.（1）“Gender equality in labour law is associated with more women working and earning more relative to men,” says Sarah Iqbal of the Bank. Yet some countries publish lists of jobs deemed too dangerous for women （Russia’s 456 include driving a train or steering a ship）. Others stop women from working in entire sectors, at night or in “morally inappropriate” jobs （in Kazakhstan women cannot bleed or stun cattle, pigs or small ruminants）. In four countries women cannot register a business. In 18 a husband can stop his wife working. A（2）The aim is often to protect the “weaker sex”. Some laws put women in the same category as children; they concern jobs seen as physically tough, such as mining, construction and manufacturing. Others relate to broader safety fears. In Mumbai, for example, female shopkeepers cannot work as late as male ones. Other laws are intended to protect capacity to bear children. “Such policies often have demographic motivations, especially in countries with low birth rates,” says Ms Iqbal. （3）Restrictions on night work originated in England during the Industrial Revolution. B In 1948 the International Labour Organisation （ILO） still sought to keep women away from mines and industrial nightwork. Spain did not lift restrictions on female workers in mining, electricity and some construction jobs until 1995. Some bans on women’s work still in place in former colonies are remnants of the 1960 Spanish Civil Code, the Napoleonic Code or Commonwealth laws. （4）Some laws are of surprisingly recent origin: Vietnam’s ban on women driving tractors of 50 horsepower or more came into force in 2013. But on balance, the trend is towards liberalisation. In recent years Bulgaria, Kiribati and Poland have removed all restrictions; Colombia and Congo have got rid of some. Other countries have changed laws in light of technological advances that have made many jobs safer and less reliant on brute force, or have seen courts overturn bans as discriminatory. C（5）Labour shortages are also leading to change. When many male miners left Marmato, in Colombia, to find better pay elsewhere, female replacements were tolerated, even though hiring them broke the law. Similarly, when male truckers in eastern European countries that joined the European Union left for western ones, pressure to let women replace them increased. And the end of a ban on women working nights in the Philippines in 2011 was cheered on by call-centres, which need staff during daytime in America and Europe. （6）Some sex-specific restrictions are called for, says the ILO, particularly in the case of pregnant and breast-feeding women, for example when working with chemicals.（Such temporary and specific precautions are not counted in the World Bank’s study.） But, concludes the ILO, blanket protective prohibitions are “increasingly obsolete”. D（7）Read the whole passage and decide in which place the following sentence should be put: “They were based on the idea that women not only were weaker and more vulnerable to exploitation than men, but also lacked competence to make valid choices.”A.BB.CC.DD.D
选项 A.B
B.C
C.D
D.D
答案 A
解析 本题考查的是细节理解。
【关键词】in which place; the following sentence should be put
【主题句】
第2自然段“Gender equality in labour law is associated with more women working and earning more relative to men,” says Sarah Iqbal of the Bank. Yet some countries publish lists of jobs deemed too dangerous for women （Russia’s 456 include driving a train or steering a ship）. Others stop women from working in entire sectors, at night or in “morally inappropriate” jobs （in Kazakhstan women cannot bleed or stun cattle, pigs or small ruminants）. In four countries women cannot register a business. In 18 a husband can stop his wife working. A
“劳动法中的性别平等与更多的工作且薪资高于男性的女性相关，”世行的Sarah Iqbal说。 然而，一些国家公布了认为女性不宜从事的过于危险工作清单（俄罗斯的456包括驾驶火车或驾驶船只）。 其他国家阻止妇女在整个行业工作，晚上工作或“道德上不合适”的工作（在哈萨克斯坦妇女不能将牛、猪或小反刍动物放血或者致晕）。在四个国家，妇女无法注册企业。18岁的丈夫可以阻止他的妻子工作。A
第4自然段Restrictions on night work originated in England during the Industrial Revolution.B In 1948 the International Labour Organisation （ILO） still sought to keep women away from mines and industrial nightwork. Spain did not lift restrictions on female workers in mining, electricity and some construction jobs until 1995.
夜间工作的限制起源于工业革命期间的英格兰。B 1948年，国际劳工组织（劳工组织）仍试图让妇女远离采矿和工业夜间工作。西班牙直到1995年才解除女工在采矿、电力和一些建筑工作的限制。
第5自然段Some laws are of surprisingly recent origin: Vietnam’s ban on women driving tractors of 50 horsepower or more came into force in 2013. But on balance, the trend is towards liberalisation. In recent years Bulgaria, Kiribati and Poland have removed all restrictions; Colombia and Congo have got rid of some. Other countries have changed laws in light of technological advances that have made many jobs safer and less reliant on brute force, or have seen courts overturn bans as discriminatory. C
有些法律竟然起源于近期：越南禁止女性驾驶50马力或更高的拖拉机于2013年生效。但总的来说，趋势是走向自由化。近年来，保加利亚、基里巴斯和波兰取消了所有限制；哥伦比亚和刚果已经摆脱了一些禁令。其他国家基于技术进步使得许多工作更安全，更少依赖蛮力已经改变了法律，或者法院推翻有歧视性的禁令。C
第7自然段Some sex-specific restrictions are called for, says the ILO, particularly in the case of pregnant and breast-feeding women, for example when working with chemicals.（Such temporary and specific precautions are not counted in the World Bank’s study.） But, concludes the ILO, blanket protective prohibitions are “increasingly obsolete”. D
国际劳工组织称，需要一些针对性别的限制要求，打比方说，特别是妇女在怀孕和哺乳的情况下从事化工工作（这种临时和具体的预防措施不计入世界银行的研究中）。但是，国际劳工组织总结说，全面保护性禁令“越来越过时”。
【解析】本题的问题是“阅读整篇文章并决定下列句子‘他们基于这样的想法——女性不仅比男性更弱，更容易受剥削，而且缺乏做出有效选择的能力’应放在哪个位置？” 根据主题句，A选项主要描述一些国家对于女性工作的诸多限制，而插入的句子具体阐释为什么限制女性工作的原因，因此题意吻合，故选A。
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