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资料：Even as rich countries seek to rid wo

admin2022-08-02  20
问题 资料：Even as rich countries seek to rid workplaces of subtle gender bias, in many developing ones discrimination remains overt. According to the World Bank, women are barred from certain jobs in 104 countries.（1）“Gender equality in labour law is associated with more women working and earning more relative to men,” says Sarah Iqbal of the Bank. Yet some countries publish lists of jobs deemed too dangerous for women （Russia’s 456 include driving a train or steering a ship）. Others stop women from working in entire sectors, at night or in “morally inappropriate” jobs （in Kazakhstan women cannot bleed or stun cattle, pigs or small ruminants）. In four countries women cannot register a business. In 18 a husband can stop his wife working. A（2）The aim is often to protect the “weaker sex”. Some laws put women in the same category as children; they concern jobs seen as physically tough, such as mining, construction and manufacturing. Others relate to broader safety fears. In Mumbai, for example, female shopkeepers cannot work as late as male ones. Other laws are intended to protect capacity to bear children. “Such policies often have demographic motivations, especially in countries with low birth rates,” says Ms Iqbal. （3）Restrictions on night work originated in England during the Industrial Revolution. B In 1948 the International Labour Organisation （ILO） still sought to keep women away from mines and industrial nightwork. Spain did not lift restrictions on female workers in mining, electricity and some construction jobs until 1995. Some bans on women’s work still in place in former colonies are remnants of the 1960 Spanish Civil Code, the Napoleonic Code or Commonwealth laws. （4）Some laws are of surprisingly recent origin: Vietnam’s ban on women driving tractors of 50 horsepower or more came into force in 2013. But on balance, the trend is towards liberalisation. In recent years Bulgaria, Kiribati and Poland have removed all restrictions; Colombia and Congo have got rid of some. Other countries have changed laws in light of technological advances that have made many jobs safer and less reliant on brute force, or have seen courts overturn bans as discriminatory. C（5）Labour shortages are also leading to change. When many male miners left Marmato, in Colombia, to find better pay elsewhere, female replacements were tolerated, even though hiring them broke the law. Similarly, when male truckers in eastern European countries that joined the European Union left for western ones, pressure to let women replace them increased. And the end of a ban on women working nights in the Philippines in 2011 was cheered on by call-centres, which need staff during daytime in America and Europe. （6）Some sex-specific restrictions are called for, says the ILO, particularly in the case of pregnant and breast-feeding women, for example when working with chemicals.（Such temporary and specific precautions are not counted in the World Bank’s study.） But, concludes the ILO, blanket protective prohibitions are “increasingly obsolete”. D（7）Which of the following is the reason for the change related to gender discrimination in job market?A.Some jobs are too dangerous for women.B.Men are hunting higher paid jobs in other places.C.In specific areas women are paid higher than men.D.Women have the choice of not bearing children.
选项 A.Some jobs are too dangerous for women.
B.Men are hunting higher paid jobs in other places.
C.In specific areas women are paid higher than men.
D.Women have the choice of not bearing children.
答案 B
解析 本题考查的是细节理解。
【关键词】 reason; for the change related to gender discrimination
【主题句】第6自然段Labour shortages are also leading to change. When many male miners left Marmato, in Colombia, to find better pay elsewhere, female replacements were tolerated, even though hiring them broke the law. Similarly, when male truckers in eastern European countries that joined the European Union left for western ones, pressure to let women replace them increased. And the end of a ban on women working nights in the Philippines in 2011 was cheered on by call-centres, which need staff during daytime in America and Europe. 劳动力短缺也导致了变化的发生。当许多男性矿工离开哥伦比亚的马托马，到其他地方找到更好的待遇时，即便雇用女性违法，还是容许了女性替代男性工作。同样，当加入欧盟的东欧国家的男性卡车司机前往西方国家务工时，让女性替代他们的压力增加了。 2011年，菲律宾废除女性在夜间工作的禁令，让需要白班工作人员的美欧呼叫中心大为欢呼。
【解析】本题的问题是“以下哪项是与就业市场中的性别歧视相关变化的原因？” A选项“有些工作对女性来说太危险了”；B选项“男性正在其他地方寻找薪水较高的工作”；C选项“在特定领域，妇女的报酬高于男子”；D选项“女人可以选择不带孩子”。根据主题句，性格歧视变化主要原因是劳动力短缺，从而导致允许女性代替男性工作，故选B。
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