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  3. The opposite of adaptive divergence is an interesting and fairly common expr

The opposite of adaptive divergence is an interesting and fairly common expr

游客2025-05-07  18
问题     The opposite of adaptive divergence is an interesting and fairly common expression of evolution. Whereas related groups of organisms take on widely different characters in becoming adapted to unlike environments in the case of adaptive divergence. We find that Unrelated groups of organisms exhibit adaptive convergence when they spot similar modes of life or become suited for special sorts of environments.  For example, invertebrate marine animals living firmly attached to the sea bottom or to some foreign object tend to develop a sub- cylindrical or conical form. This is illustrated by coral individuals, by many sponges, and even by the diminutive tubes of bryozoans. Adaptive convergence in taking this coral-like form is shown by some brachiopods and pelecypods that grew in fixed position. More readily appreciated is the streamlined fitness of most fishes for moving swiftly through water; they have no neck, the contour of the body is smoothly curved so as to give minimum resistance, and the chief propelling organ is a powerful tail fin. The fact that some fossil reptiles (ichthyosaurs) and modem mammals (whales, dolphins) are wholly fishlike in form is an expression of adaptive convergence, for these air-breathing reptiles and mammals, which are highly efficient swimmers, are not closely related to fishes.  Unrelated or distantly related organisms that develop similarity of form are sometimes designated as homeomorphs (having same form).  [br] Organisms that could be classified as homeomorphs are ______.
选项 A、whale and dolphin
B、halibut and whale
C、ichthyosaurs and dolphins
D、invertebrate marine animals and vertebrate marine animals
答案 B
解析 能归到同形态动物的生物体是大比目鱼和鲸鱼。作者在倒数第二句指出，当代的一些哺乳动物，如鲸鱼和海豚，在形态上很像鱼，这是适应性趋同现象。大比目鱼(halibut)属于鱼类；鲸鱼是哺乳动物，但在形态方面很像鱼。所以，大比目鱼和鲸鱼被称为同形态的动物(homeomorphs)。
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