In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the

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问题 In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had【21】that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that【22】variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that [earning is a part of social life. That is, the【23】are not solely fixed by the genes.【24】, the learning that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly【25】instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans, it is something in between the two. An illustration best【26】the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that. shortly【27】they hatch, ducklings fix【28】any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are【29】 for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considerably【30】, even ones that have a considerable base【31】by genetics.
Even among the social insects something like imprinting【32】influence social behavior. For example, biologists once thought bees communicated with others purely【33】instinct. But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could not communicate effectively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all-purpose learning rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, generally【34】very good mother but Jane Goodall reports that some chimps carry the infant. upside down or【35】fail to nurture the young. [br]

选项 A、appropriated
B、substituted
C、assigned
D、distributed

答案 B

解析此处可翻译为：“如果在‘印象’发生时，用篮球或公文包代替母鸭，小鸭子也许会跟随它们。”B项substituted意为“替代；调换(常与for连用)”，例如：substituted A for B，意为“用A代替B”。A项appropriated意为“拨给(款项等)供专用”，例如：The government appropriated a large sum of money for building schools．政府拨出一大笔钱修建学校。C项assigned意为“指派”；D项distributed意为

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