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  3. Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing acc

Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing acc

游客2025-04-02  27
问题     Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
    No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
    A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
    Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.  [br] We can infer from the passage that______.
选项 A、there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
B、amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
C、professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
D、amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
答案 B
解析 从文章第3段的内容可知，在19世纪，区域地质学研究本身象征着有价值的科研活动；但是，在20世纪，区域地质学研究只有收编并仔细考虑更广泛的地质学问题，才会逐渐被专业人员接受；另一方面，业余人员继续以其熟悉的方式从事地方地质学研究。据此可知，业余人员可以在某些研究领域同专业人员竞争。B项与文章的意思相符，因此B项为正确答案。
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