For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatur

游客2025-03-21 30

问题 For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights—and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or ever to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control. [br] According to the author, babies learn to do things which______.

选项 A、are directly related to pleasure
B、will meet their physical needs
C、will bring them a feeling of success
D、will satisfy their curiosity

答案 C

解析本题问的是根据作者的说法，婴儿学做一些什么样的动作。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是文章的最后一句话，帕剖赛克得出结论：并非是灯光使婴儿们高兴，而是婴儿(自以为)成功地解决了一个问题，掌握了一种技能而使他们高兴。帕剖赛克认为，人类自身存在着一种内在的了解世界并力图有意识地加以控制的欲望。因此，我们可以推断出本题的正确答案应是C“婴儿学习那些能够使他们产生某种成就感的事情”。A“能令婴儿身心愉快的事情”，B“能满足婴儿生理上需要的事情”，D“能满足婴儿好奇心的事情”，这三个选项都是错误的。

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