首页
登录
职称英语
Since the late 1970’s, in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozen
Since the late 1970’s, in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozen
游客
2025-02-26
17
管理
问题
Since the late 1970’s, in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through cost-cutting programs.(Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while holding the amount of labor constant.)However, from 1978 through 1982, productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve; and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following, they ran 25 percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier, post-1945 upturns. At the same time, it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting, the more they lost their competitive edge.
With this paradox in mind, I recently visited 25 companies; it became clear to me that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed. Manufacturing regularly observes a "40, 40, 20" rule. Roughly 40 percent of any manufactur- ing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure(decisions about the number, size, location, and capacity of facilities)and in approaches to materials. Another 40 percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology. The final 20 percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cutting. This rule does not imply that cost-cut- ting should not be tried. The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter, not harder—do produce results. But the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.
Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people. As Aber- nathy’ s study of automobile manufacturers has shown, an industry can easily become prisoner of its own investments in cost-cutting techniques, reducing its ability to develop new products. And managers under pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on which they are measured. Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output. This dimension of performance has until recently sufficed as a basis of eval- uation, but it has created a penny-pinching, mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.
Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in part, by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology. In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach; within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies, successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs. There is hope for manufacturing, but it clearly rests on a different way of managing. [br] In the passage, the author includes all of the following EXCEPT
选项
A、personal observation.
B、a business principle.
C、a definition of productivity.
D、an example of a successful company.
E、an illustration of a process technology.
答案
E
解析
文中指出下列信息,惟独没有哪一个?A.个人观察。第二段、第四段都提到作者自己的观察。B.商业规律。L27—38的“40、40、20”定律。C.生产率的定义。L8—10的括号中。D.成功企业的例子。见第四段。E.正确。对加工技术的描述。原文提到过这种技术,但未加以具体描述。
转载请注明原文地址:http://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3973684.html
相关试题推荐
Sincethelate1970’s,inthefaceofaseverelossofmarketshareindozen
Sincethelate1970’s,inthefaceofaseverelossofmarketshareindozen
Sincethelate1970’s,inthefaceofaseverelossofmarketshareindozen
4.Politician:Fewerpeopleareenteringthelabormarketnowthanpreviously.
InOctober1987theUnitedStatesstockmarketsufferedamajordropinprices.
Fromacertainfarmingregion,truckscancarryvegetablestomarketinNewMexi
Itiscommonlyheldamongmarketingexpertsthatinanonexpandingmarketacomp
1.Intheaftermathofaworldwidestock-marketcrash,CountryTclaimedthatt
Thehighcostofproductionisseverelylimitingwhichoperasareavailabletot
ThecottonfarmsofCountryQbecamesoproductivethatthemarketcouldnotabs
随机试题
Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-F,below.Writethecorrectle
中国菜(cuisine)是中国各地区、各民族各种菜肴的统称,也指发源于中国的烹饪方式。中国菜历史悠久,流派(genre)众多,主要代表菜系有“八大菜系”
Duringthe1992presidentialcampaign,HillaryRodhamClintonobserved,"Our
ThehotelTerrystayedatcanbedescribedas______.[originaltext]Presenter:To
出版物成本需要分摊计入的费用是( )。A.直接成本、间接成本 B.直接成本、
在安装工程中的给水、消防和热水供应管道中广泛采用的是()。A.焊接钢管 B.
外伤致侧方移位的牙齿治疗方法错误的是A.局麻下复位 B.先根向复位,再解除唇腭
在进行家庭财产保险规划时需要重点考虑普通家庭财产保险的规划,以还原保险的本质功能
当城市道路红线宽度超过40m时,不宜在城市下道两侧布置的管线是( )。A.排水
某五层重点设防类建筑,采用现浇钢筋混凝土框架结构如图,抗震等级为二级,各柱截面均
最新回复
(
0
)