首页
登录
职称英语
Disease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural atti
Disease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural atti
游客
2025-02-22
36
管理
问题
Disease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural attitudes that
change diachronically in response to new scientific and medical discoveries.
Historically, doctors defined a disease according to a cluster of symptoms, and
Line as their clinical descriptions became more sophisticated, they started to classify
(5) diseases into separate groups, so that from this medical taxonomy came new
insights into disease etiology. Before the 20th century, schizophrenia and
syphilitic insanity were treated as the same disease, but by early 1900 it became
evident that psychoses without associated dementia represented a separate
disease for which the term schizophrenia was then coined. The definition of
(10) schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s to an
illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of such an
etiology remains uncertain. While an optimistic hunt is still on for the genes
involved, we must continue to define schizophrenia in terms of the presence or
absence of "positive" and "negative" symptoms.
(15) Labeling someone as diseased, however, has enormous individual, social,
financial, and physical implications, for irrespective of disease symptoms, the
label itself may lead to significant distress. Individuals with asymptomatic
conditions, including genetic variations, may be perceived by themselves or
others as having a disease. It is not that labeling someone as diseased is always
(20) positive-it does have severe ramifications, affecting decisions to have children
or resulting in unjust treatment by life, medical, and disability insurers-but it
can be beneficial, legitimizing symptoms, clarifying issues of personal
responsibility, and improving accessibility to health care. Nevertheless,
deviations from normal that are not associated with risk should not be
(25) considered synonymous with disease. Two schools—nominalist and essentialist
or reductionist—have debated the clinical criteria used to label a patient as
diseased. Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, such as
schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology, while
essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological
(30) etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state is a
genetic abnormality.
It has been suggested that diseases defined according to the essentialist
tradition may be precisely wrong, whereas those defined in the nominalist
traditional may be roughly accurate. But in labeling a disease state, we must
(35) consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic
abnormality), for the former describes a state that places individuals at some
definable risk of adverse consequences, while the latter helps suggest specific
genetic or pharmacologic therapies. Thus, both clinical criteria and genetic
abnormalities should be used to define a disease state, and the choice of a
(40) disease definition will vary according to what one wishes to achieve, the genetic
counseling of family members or the effective treatment of the patient. [br] The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
选项
A、revealing a commonly ignored distinction
B、proposing a return to a traditional taxonomical system
C、describing an way to resolve a taxonomical dilemma
D、assessing the success of a new taxonomical method
E、predicting a change in future taxonomy
答案
C
解析
转载请注明原文地址:http://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3968342.html
相关试题推荐
Diseaseisafluidconceptinfluencedbysocietalandculturalatti
Diseaseisafluidconceptinfluencedbysocietalandculturalatti
Diseaseisafluidconceptinfluencedbysocietalandculturalatti
Inthecanonicalwritingoftheculturalessentialists,languagehas
Inthecanonicalwritingoftheculturalessentialists,languagehas
Inthecanonicalwritingoftheculturalessentialists,languagehas
Inthecanonicalwritingoftheculturalessentialists,languagehas
Somescientistshaveconcludedthatnarcolepsy,adiseasewhichdis
Somescientistshaveconcludedthatnarcolepsy,adiseasewhichdis
Somescientistshaveconcludedthatnarcolepsy,adiseasewhichdis
随机试题
[originaltext]M:Sorry,IseemtohaveleftmystudentIDcardathome.W:Doy
[originaltext]W:Lookatthetime.It’stentoten.M:Yes,thetrainwillleav
DoBritain’sEnergyFirmsServethePublicInterest?[A]Capitali
矽肺X线胸片表现与肺部病变程度A.一定平行 B.不一定平行 C.前者重于后者
为更好地针对银行业金融机构的交易对手——金融消费者开展特殊保护,不少国家和地区根
股东是以()为目标的投资主体。A:利润最大化 B:社会效益最大化 C:声誉满
下列房地产开发项目的许可证书或文件中,明确用地性质、位置和界限的是( )。A.
根据《中华人民共和国保险法》,银行网点开办保险代理业务,必须取得保险监督管理机构
当监理工作结束时,项目监理机构应向建设单位和工程监理单位提交( )。A.工程质量
水利水电工程施工中,按岩石坚固系数的大小岩石分为()级。A、6B、10C、1
最新回复
(
0
)