The expectation that science is a stable body of relatively objective knowle

游客2025-02-19 23

问题 The expectation that science is a stable body of relatively objective knowledge on which the law can draw to settle legal controversies may seem benign. However, this expectation often corresponds to a romantic notion of the scientific enterprise and thereby eclipses not only the instabilities and controversies within science itself, but also the social and rhetorical aspects of even the best science. We see the idealization of science in law whenever there is a presumption that if two scientific experts disagree, one of them must be a “junk scientist”， This presumption ignores the theoretical presuppositions and limitations of data that lead to genuine scientific disputes. We also see the idealization of science in law whenever we associate “bias, interest, and motivation” with unreliable expertise. This association missed the practical advances made by scientists who have strong theoretical biases, institutional interests, and financial motivations. Finally, we see the idealization of science in law whenever a legislator, administrator, or judge demands certainty from science, not recognizing its probabilistic nature and dynamic history. It is neither a critique of scientific progress nor an exaggeration to acknowledge scientific debates, the conventional aspects of scientific methodology, the importance of networking and “social capital” with respect to publications and grants, and the persuasive elements in scientific discourse. To think that these features are somehow markers of bad science is to idealize science. [br] The author mentions “scientists who have strong theoretical biases, institutional interests, and financial motivations” primarily in order to

选项 A、explain why an idealistic view of science has value even if it sometimes leads to untenable assumptions
B、point out that even well-intentioned scientists may underestimate factors that can skew their conclusions in a particular direction
C、suggest that tendencies often assumed to contaminate scientists’ work need not preclude valuable scientific achievements.
D、distinguish the kinds of researchers often dismissed as “junk scientists” from those whose work has produced valuable scientific advances
E、underscore the point that scientific evidence can be used to support claims that cannot be reconciled with one another

答案 C

解析根据题干可知，答案定位到“社会性”。tendencies对应第五句的bias，interest，and motivation，即社会性特征。contaminate对应unreliable，valuable scientific achievements对应practical advances。选项C想表达的是“科学的社会性会带来真正的科学进步”，这是文中关于社会性的态度，正确。A项作者提及科学社会性的目的肯定是反对科学理想化，而选项A支持科学理想化，与作者的目的相反。

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