首页
登录
职称英语
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading
游客
2025-02-15
23
管理
问题
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Assessing the Risk
How do we judge whether it is right to go ahead with a new technology? Apply the precautionary principle properly and you won’t go far wrong, says Colin Tudge.
Section 1
As a title for a supposedly unprejudiced debate on scientific progress, "Panic attack: interrogating our obsession with risk" did not bode well. Held last week at the Royal Institution in London, the event brought together scientists from across the world to ask why society is so obsessed with risk and to call for a "more rational" approach. "We seem to be organising society around the grandmotherly maxim of ’better safe than sorry’," exclaimed Spiked, the online publication that organised the event. "What are the consequences of this overbearing concern with risks?"
The debate was preceded by a survey of 40 scientists who were invited to describe how awful our lives would be if the "precautionary principle" had been allowed to prevail in the past. Their response was: no heart surgery or antibiotics, and hardly any drugs at all; no aeroplanes, bicycles or high-voltage power grids; no pasteurisation, pesticides or biotechnology; no quantum mechanics; no wheel; no "discovery" of America. In short, their message was: no risk, no gain.
They have absolutely missed the point. The precautionary principle is a subtle idea. It has various forms, but all of them generally include some notion of cost-effectiveness. Thus the point is not simply to ban things that are not known to be absolutely safe. Rather, it says: "Of course you can make no progress without risk. But if there is no obvious gain from taking the risk, then don’t take it."
Clearly, all the technologies listed by the 40 well-chosen savants were innately risky at their inception, as all technologies are. But all of them would have received the green light under the precautionary principle because they all had the potential to offer tremendous benefits — the solutions to very big problems — if only the snags could be overcome.
If the precautionary principle had been in place, the scientists tell us, we would not have antibiotics. But of course we would — if the version of the principle that sensible people now understand had been applied. When penicillin was discovered in the 1920s, infective bacteria were laying waste to the world. Children died from diphtheria and whooping cough, every open drain brought the threat of typhoid, and any wound could lead to septicaemia and even gangrene.
Penicillin was turned into a practical drug during the Second World War, when the many pestilences that result from war threatened to kill more people than the bombs. Of course antibiotics were a priority. Of course the risks, such as they could be perceived, were worth taking.
And so with the other items on the scientists’ list: electric light bulbs, blood transfusions, CAT scans, knives, the measles vaccine — the precautionary principle would have prevented all of them, they tell us. But this is just plain wrong. If the precautionary principle had been applied properly, all these creations would have passed muster, because all offered incomparable advantages compared to the risks perceived at the time.
Section 2
Another issue is at stake here. Statistics are not the only concept people use when weighing up risk. Human beings, subtle and evolved creatures that we are, do not survive to threescore years and ten simply by thinking like pocket calculators. A crucial issue is consumer’s choice. In deciding whether to pursue the development of a new technology, the consumer’s right to choose should be considered alongside considerations of risk and benefit. Clearly, skiing is more dangerous than genetically modified tomatoes. But people who ski choose to do so; they do not have skiing thrust upon them by portentous experts of the kind who now feel they have the right to reconstruct our crops. Even with skiing, there is the matter of cost effectiveness to consider: skiing, I am told, is exhilarating. Where is the exhilaration in GM soya?
Indeed, in contrast to all the other items on Spiked’s fist, GM crops stand out as an example of a technology whose benefits are far from clear. Some of the risks can at least be defined. But in the present economic climate, the benefits that might accrue from them seem dubious. Promoters of GM crops believe that the future population of the world cannot be fed without them. That is untrue. The crops that really matter are wheat and rice, and there is no GM research in the pipeline that will seriously affect the yield of either. GM is used to make production cheaper and hence more profitable, which is an extremely questionable ambition.
The precautionary principle provides the world with a very important safeguard. If it had been in place in the past, it might, for example, have prevented insouciant miners from polluting major rivers with mercury. We have come to a sorry pass when scientists, who should above all be dispassionate scholars, feel they should misrepresent such a principle for the purposes of commercial and political propaganda. People at large continue to mistrust science and the high technologies it produces, partly because they doubt the wisdom of scientists. On such evidence as this, these doubts are fully justified.
Questions 27-32
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this [br] All the listed technologies are riskier than other technologies.
选项
A、真
B、假
C、Not Given
答案
C
解析
利用细节信息“listed technologies”定位于原文第四段第一句话“Clearly,all the tech-nologies listed by the 40 well—chosen savants were innately risky at their inception,as alltechnologies are”。原文明显是同级比较,说各种技术一样有风险,而题目却说一种比另一种更加有风险。题目在原文信息的基础上无法判断,所以答案为Not Given。
转载请注明原文地址:http://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3958476.html
相关试题推荐
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40whicharebasedonReading
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40whicharebasedonReading
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26whicharebasedonReading
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26whicharebasedonReading
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26whicharebasedonReading
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26whicharebasedonReading
随机试题
AnswerthefollowingquestionsontheMoulexironusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDS
NewHope,OldFearsBonnieKrull,54,hadalreadyha
某甲级监理公司通过投标承担了某高速公路的一个监理合同段的施工全过程的监理工作,并
在软件开发过程中,常采用图形表示相关的信息,()不用于表示软件模块的执行过程A
某公司欲开发一个智能机器人系统,在架构设计阶段,公司的架构师识别出3个核心质量属
按照我国《民事诉讼法》,需要保全证据的情况有下列的()。A、证据有灭失的
月经过多是指月经量大于A.40ml B.50ml C.60ml D.70m
依据《海商法》的规定,下列关于承运人对集装箱装运的货物的责任期间的謎JP个是正确
"扳机点"的特点不包括A.三叉神经分支区域内固定而局限的小块皮肤或黏膜 B.对
解剖式印模是在承托义齿的软硬组织处于A.静止状态下取得的印模,为有压力印模,用稠
最新回复
(
0
)