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Global DevelopmentsSociologists tell us there is a li

游客2025-02-06  16
问题                           Global Developments
Sociologists tell us there is a link between private lives and social forces. An outstanding example of such a link is the contrast in life chances between people in developed and in less developed countries. A child born in, say, the United States or Switzerland is not a better or more deserving person than one born in Ethiopia or Brazil. Yet because of social forces beyond individual control, each child faces the prospect of living out a lifetime under utterly different material conditions. Why should this be? What can account for the fact that some societies have become heavily industrialized and economically advanced, while others are changing so much more slowly? Social scientists have offered two different explanations. One emphasizes a universal but uneven process of modernization and economic growth; the other focuses on a worldwide system of political and economic inequality.
    Some social scientists view development in terms of modernization, a process of economic, social and cultural change that facilitates the transition from pre-industrial to industrial society. Modernization theorists claim that the various countries of the world are converging on a basically similar social type, the modern industrialized society. Some 250 years ago, the developed countries of today also had rudimentary, pre-industrial economies, but because they modernized relatively quickly, they now have productive economies that offer high living standards. During the same period, however, the poor countries have been slow to modernize. Differences in development, therefore, are largely the result of uneven modernization; but as "modern" features spread from the developed to the less developed countries, they too will follow the path to industrialization and affluence.
    What kinds of change does modernization entail? Some modernization theorists emphasize a change in individual psychology. They claim that people in the developed societies are more likely to have a work ethic, a desire for achievement, a willingness to defer gratification, a sense of control over their destiny, a strong sense of individualism. In contrast, a lack of ambition, an orientation toward the present, a fatalistic outlook, and a weak sense of individualism are said to be typical of people in more traditional societies.(A)Other modernization theorists emphasize sweeping structural changes in society.(B)Traditional societies are more likely to have an extended family system, in which kinship obligations encourage people to remain, physically and socially, where they started.(C)Similarly, modernization involves such features as heavy urbanization, extensive schooling, advanced technology, low population growth, a legal-rational political system, and a range of sophisticated services such as efficient transport, banking and communications.(D)On the whole, these features are lacking or inadequate in less developed countries, where government is usually authoritarian, the population is predominately rural and ill educated, and the necessary services are not in place.
    Other social scientists view development in the context of the world system, a network of unequal economical and political relationships among the developed and the less developed countries. This international system consists of a "core" of highly industrialized countries, and a "periphery" of less developed countries that are dependent on and exploited by those at the core. World-system theorists point out that the peoples of the third world were quite capable of providing for themselves before "modern" ideas and technologies began to "diffuse" from the colonial powers. In fact, they claim, development and underdevelopment proceeded simultaneously over a period of more than two centuries as the richer countries financed their own industrial expansion by draining the surplus resources of the poorer ones. The colonial system finally broke down when the last of the colonies won their formal independence around the middle of the twentieth century, But by then a new international relationship had been established: neocolonialism, the informal political and economic domination of some societies by others, such that the former are able to exploit the labor and resources of the latter for their own purposes. In essence, the world system is a form of international stratification, with a wealthy minority enjoying a disproportionate share of the planet’s resources and using various means—political, economic, and sometimes military—to maintain their position. [br] The word entail in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to______.
选项 A、consist
B、exploit
C、obtain
D、involve
答案 D
解析 本题为词汇题，主要考查考生根据上下文对单词entail的理解。该词所在句意为现代化entail了什么变化。这个句子是这个语篇的中心句。而作者在这个段落中通过比较现代化和非现代化社会所带来的各种变化突出了现代化给社会带来的各种影响和变化。所以可推知entail应为involve(包含)的意思。而选项A(由……组成)，不但意思不对，而且语法也不对，因为consist的用法是consist of。选项B(利用)和选项C(获得)代入句子都不正确，只有选项D有“包含”这个意思，所以选D。
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