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Just over 680 million now live in cities — 51. 27 per cent of China’s entire population of nearly 1. 35 billion. Most have moved during two decades of boom in search of economic opportunities, and the historic mass migration from fields to office and apartment blocks ends the country’s centuries-long agrarian status.
   But the rapid modernization and demand for improved living standards is piling extra pressure on society and the already blighted environment, experts claim. With 75 per cent of Chinese expected to be living in cities within 20 years, the demand for more transport, energy, water and other vital infrastructure is set to test resources and city planners.
   Many of those settling down in urban areas are migrant workers. This transient population of cheap labor, put at nearly 221 million by a national census last April, helped turn China into the world’s second-largest economy in just three decades.
   Months following the consensus, another government report said more than 100 million farmers would move to cities by 2020.
   The influx is seen as having a destabilizing effect on urban society, according to experts. Most migrant workers are treated as lower-class citizens in their adopted towns or cities because they are still classified as rural residents under the controversial Hukou household registration system. This means they have little or no social security, including access to education for their children, health and other welfare provisions.