首页
登录
职称英语
Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted
Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted
游客
2025-01-04
37
管理
问题
Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful "axioms". This is what he meant by "induction".
Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacon’s conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries---such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape of planetary orbits, and later by Newton about the "force" of gravity--could never have been made if Bacon’s rules had prevailed.
Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacon’s own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most "obvious’’ of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appeared after every rain.
What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances. [br] According to Bacon, knowledge can be obtained______.
选项
A、by subjecting theories to rigorous logical analysis
B、not through political religious dogmas but through reason
C、by observation alone
D、through the inductive method
答案
D
解析
从第一段我们了解到,通过observation,可以获得facts,然后通过对facts进行classify and generalize,而后得出axioms,这样就算是获得了knowledge,这就是Bacon的induction,可见knowledge是通过induction获得的,所以[D]为正确答案。
转载请注明原文地址:http://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3898117.html
相关试题推荐
Thescienceofwildlifemanagementisactuallyquitenew.Itisthethirdmaj
Thescienceofwildlifemanagementisactuallyquitenew.Itisthethirdmaj
Earlyinthesixteenthcentury,FrancisBaconproposedthatscienceconsisted
Earlyinthesixteenthcentury,FrancisBaconproposedthatscienceconsisted
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnout,andifitisreallyg
Hydrogeologyisasciencedealingwiththeproperties,distribution,andcircu
HenryJamesisgenerallyregardedastheforerunnerofthe20thcentury______no
Duringthefirsthalfoftheseventeenthcentury,whenthenationsofEurope
______isproposedbyChomsky.A、langueB、functionalgrammarC、theuniversalgram
Inthelate16thcentury,______ruledEngland.A、HenryⅤB、ElizabethⅠC、QueenM
随机试题
UnderFOBtermsthebillofladingwouldstate______.A、goodsloadedonboard’f
•Lookatthenotesbelow.•Someinformationismissing.•Youwillhearamancon
Theterm"formallearning"referstoalllearningwhichtakesplaceinthec
Someconsumerresearchersdistinguish【C1】______"rational"motivesand"emot
我国《劳动法》规定,工资分配应当遵循按劳分配原则,实行同工同酬。()
肺结核早期诊断最主要的方法是A.痰结核菌检查 B.x线检查 C.结核菌素试验
Thechangeinthatvillagewasmiraculou
女性,16岁。咳嗽1周,痰少,不发热,但有头痛,全身酸痛和关节痛。WBC6.3
下列说法正确的是()。A:投资人应充分了解基金定期定额投资和零存整取等储蓄方式的
税务机关工作人员蒋某在工作期间与A市某进出口公司总经理孟某成为朋友,孟某要求
最新回复
(
0
)