首页
登录
职称英语
The desire for achievements is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scient
The desire for achievements is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scient
游客
2024-05-30
44
管理
问题
The desire for achievements is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes to studying the drives that spur us out of bed in the morning, compel us to work or study hard and spark all manner of human endeavor. Indeed, a 1992 textbook actually documents 32 distinct theories of human motivation.
Given this diversity of thought, it’s easy to forget that for a half century, American society has been dominated by the psychological school known as behaviorism, or Skinnerian psychology. Although behaviorism and its fundamental principle of "positive reinforcement" have long since lost their way in academic circles, the Skinnerian legacy remains powerful in every realm of trash out. Do it, and you can go to the movies Friday night. Not in the mood for work? Keep plugging away, and you might get a bonus. Not interest in calculus? Strive for an A in the class, and you will make the honor roll. The theory may be bankrupt, but incentives and rewards are so much a part of American culture that it’s hard to imagine life without them.
Yet that’s exactly what a growing group of researchers are advocating today. A steady stream of research has found that rather than encouraging and diminishing performance, "our society is caught in a whopping paradox,’’ asserts Alfie Kohn, author of the new book published by Rewards (Houghton Mifflin), which surveys recent research on the effectiveness of rewards. "We complain loudly about declining productivity, the crisis of our school and the distorted values of our children. But the very strategy we use to solve those problems--damaging rewards like incentive plans and grade and candy bars in front of people--is partly responsible for the fix we’re in."
It’s a tough argument to make in a culture that celebrates the spoils of success. Yet study after study shows that people tend to perform worse, to give up more easily and to lose interest more quickly when a reward is in- volved. Children who are given treats for doing artwork, for example, lose their initial love of art within weeks. Teenagers who are promised a reward for tutoring youngsters don’t teach as enthusiastically as tutors offered nothing. And chief executive officers who have been awarded long term incentive plans have often steered their companies toward lower returns. [br] According to behaviorism, we can promote human actions by means of______.
选项
A、rewards and incentives
B、human motivation
C、enthusiasm
D、success
答案
A
解析
根据题干关键词behaviorism,promote human actions,means定位到原文第二段。行为主义的基本原理是“肯定的强化(postive reinforcement)”,即通过奖励和激励来加强某种行为,在行为主义者看来,只有通过奖励和刺激才可以提高人们的行为,所以A项正确。
转载请注明原文地址:http://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3611620.html
相关试题推荐
Thedesireforachievementsisoneoflife’sgreatmysteries.Socialscient
Thedesireforachievementsisoneoflife’sgreatmysteries.Socialscient
AlexisdeTocqueville,theFrenchpoliticalscientistismostfamousforhi
AlexisdeTocqueville,theFrenchpoliticalscientistismostfamousforhi
AlexisdeTocqueville,theFrenchpoliticalscientistismostfamousforhi
AlexisdeTocqueville,theFrenchpoliticalscientistismostfamousforhi
AlexisdeTocqueville,theFrenchpoliticalscientistismostfamousforhi
AlexisdeTocqueville,theFrenchpoliticalscientistismostfamousforhi
[originaltext]Theinternethascreatedawholenewworldofsocialcommuni
[originaltext]Theinternethascreatedawholenewworldofsocialcommuni
随机试题
Thatjewelryshopisreported______inbroaddaylightyesterday.A、robbedB、tob
NarratorListentopartofalectureaboutGPS.Nowgetreadytoans
ThelargestcityinNewZealandisA、Christchurch.B、Auckland.C、Wellington.D、Ha
设函数f(x)=ax-blnx(a>o)有2个零点,则鱼的取值范围是( ).
靶形红细胞常见于A.珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血 B.缺铁性贫血 C.溶血性贫血
患者近日外出,现症见腰部冷痛重着,转侧不利,逐渐加重,静卧病痛不减,寒冷和阴雨天
以下哪项最不可能是政府实施最低价控制的原因?()A.避免价格上的恶性竞争 B
《反对本本主义》是毛泽东写作的最早的一篇马克思主义的哲学著作,在这篇著作中,毛泽
下列哲学学派中,不属于希腊化时期的是()。A.斯多葛学派 B.伊壁鸠鲁学派
项目监理机构施工阶段投资控制采取的措施中,属于经济措施的是( )。 A.控制
最新回复
(
0
)