首页
登录
职称英语
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We wa
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We wa
游客
2024-02-27
55
管理
问题
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition (营养不良), the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur (硫)or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills, and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination.
Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won’t work, we first relate the effect (light out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working). This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out, we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out--power off--refrigerator not working -- temperature will rise -- milk will sour. In the other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur as combustion (燃烧) is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a ear from starting, but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but can’t do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors -- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection -- must also be present.
In establishing or denying a causal relation, it is usually necessary to show the process by which the supposed cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process. [br] According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason _____.
选项
A、from cause to effect
B、from effect to cause
C、from effect to effect and on to cause
D、from effect to cause and on to another effect
答案
D
解析
细节题。结合第二段,特别是第三句和第五句,可以得出正确答案。
转载请注明原文地址:http://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3486595.html
相关试题推荐
I’musuallyfairlyskepticalaboutanyresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplea
I’musuallyfairlyskepticalaboutanyresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplea
[originaltext]Interviewer:Excuseme;I’mdoingsomemarketresearch.CanIask
[originaltext]Interviewer:Excuseme;I’mdoingsomemarketresearch.CanIask
Thereisanewtypeofsmalladvertisementsbecomingincreasinglycommonin
Thereisanewtypeofsmalladvertisementsbecomingincreasinglycommonin
Thereisanewtypeofsmalladvertisementsbecomingincreasinglycommonin
[originaltext]W:Hello.M:ThisisJimEvers,fromMarketResearchCorporation.
[originaltext]Asmytrainwasnotduetoleaveforanotherhour,Ihadplen
TodayI’vereturnedtoChicagotodiscussanotherissuerelatingtooursecu
随机试题
Hostelbuildingsvaryfromcottagetocastle.Mosthavebeenadaptedtohost
Theoldladyhasdevelopeda______coughwhichcannotbecuredcompletelyina
Moms,dads,orcaregiverswhomainlytalktotheiroffspringusingcommands
AustraliahasbeenunusualintheWesternworldinhavingaveryconservativ
Whenyouthinkaboutthegrowthofhumanpopulationoverthelastcenturyor
按照《最高人民检察院、公安部关于公安机关管辖的刑事案件立案追诉标准的规定(二)》
治疗气瘿应首选A.海藻玉壶汤 B.四海舒郁丸 C.开郁散 D.逍遥
从所给的四个选项中,选择最合适的一个填入问号处,使之呈现一定的规律性: A.如
房地产市场之所以能够进行细分,是因为消费者对房地产存在()需求A.投资性 B.
(2020年真题)防雷系统的安装,下列说法正确的是( )。A.接地极只能垂直敷
最新回复
(
0
)