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Relativism amounts to the denial of an objective world about which t
Relativism amounts to the denial of an objective world about which t
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2024-01-11
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问题
Relativism amounts to the denial of an objective world about which true and
false statements can be made; there is no absolute truth, though there may be
many "relative truths". Scientific skepticism in its simplest form denies only
Line that we ever know, in the sense of establishing for certain, whether a
(5) statement made by us is absolutely true or false, for the grounds of what is
accepted as true themselves require grounds, thus initiating an infinite regress
of justification. In supplement, Hume noted that reports of experience,
observation and experiment, do not conclusively justify any prediction
concerning the future or more generally the unobserved, even if they are held
(10) to be so solidly based as to need no justification themselves. This may be
regarded as skepticism about induction, the principal by which Bacon famously
warranted inference from the known into the unknown. When we abandon the
dream of conclusive justification, Hume argued, we must become all the more
skeptical about opinions supported only by experience. Modern skeptics relish
(15) especially this second discovery of Hume’s: that there exist no grounds
whatever, conclusive or inconclusive, for anything that we claim to be certain
of.
Hume’s argument is indeed open to question, though we ought not assume
too quickly that his conclusion encourages relativism. Even if skepticism is
(20) correct, his argument does not concede anything to relativism, for skepticism
does not recommend universal suspension of judgment or the ruinous doctrine
that all rational opinion is justified opinion. The level-headed skeptic, the
critical rationalist, does not doubt that there is truth to be had, but thinks that
it may be had only by making a lucky guess. If one judges that there is life
(25) elsewhere in the galaxy, and the other judges the opposite, then one of them
has hit on a fragment of the truth.
Remorseless though the logic is, it is at this point that reasonable people
ask in incredulity: can it be seriously maintained that present-day science is
simply a more widely accepted form of study of UFOs, dianetics, and similar
(30) unseemly charlatanism? Scientific hypotheses are guesses no better backed by
observation and experiment, and have no more claim on our credulity, than the
fancies of pseudo-scientists. But science is more than the sum of its hypotheses,
its observations, and its experiments, for from the point of view of rationality,
science is above the critical method of searching for errors. What is wrong with
(35) pseudoscience is the manner in which it handles its hypotheses, not the
hypotheses themselves, though if they are designed to be unassailable and
unfalsifiable, then unassailed and unfalsified they doubtlessly remain.
Consequently, though a hypothesis that survives all criticism directed at it is
preferable to a hypothesis that dies, it does not become a better hypothesis
(40) through being tested. [br] According to the passage, skepticism becomes problematic when it does which of the following?
选项
A、It becomes overly demanding by criticizing the possible justifications for a prediction about the future.
B、It requires too much by suggesting that thinkers not rely on an infinite regress of justification.
C、It suggests, despite certain epistemological arguments that we abandon the dream of conclusive justification.
D、It argues that the truth is to be had through a lucky guess, rather than through reason and deduction.
E、It suggests that we adopt a universal suspension of belief, rather than being selective in our incredulity.
答案
E
解析
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