首页
登录
职称英语
"New Women of the Ice Age" The status of women in a societ
"New Women of the Ice Age" The status of women in a societ
游客
2024-01-04
42
管理
问题
"New Women of the Ice Age"
The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reinterpretation of the Paleolithic past centers on new views of the role of women in the food-foraging economy. Amassing critical and previously overlooked evidence from
and the neighboring site of Pavlov, researchers Olga Softer, James Adovasio, and David Hyland now propose that human survival there had little to do with men hurling spears at big game animals. Instead, observes Softer, one of the world’s leading authorities on Ice Age hunters and gatherers and an archeologist at the University of lllinois in Champaign-Urbana,
it
depended largely on women, plants, and a technique of hunting previously invisible in the archeological evidence—net hunting. "This is not the image we’ve always had of Upper Paleolithic macho guys out killing animals up close and personal," Softer explains. "Net hunting is communal, and it involves the labor of children and women. And this has lots of implications."
→ Many of these
implications
make her conservative colleagues cringe because they raise serious questions about the focus of previous studies. European archeologists have long concentrated on analyzing broken stone tools and butchered big-game bones, the most plentiful and best preserved relics of the Upper Paleolithic era (which stretched from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago). From these analyses, researchers have developed theories about how these societies once hunted and gathered food. Most researchers ruled out the possibility of women hunters for biological reasons. Adult females, they reasoned, had to devote themselves to breast-feeding and tending infants. "Human babies have always been immature and dependent," says Softer. "If women are the people who are always involved with biological reproduction and the rearing of the young, then that is going to
constrain
their behavior. They have to provision that child. For fathers, provisioning is optional."
→ To test theories about Upper Paleolithic life, researchers looked to ethnography, the scientific description of modern and historical cultural groups. While the lives of modern hunters do not exactly duplicate those of ancient hunters, they supply valuable clues to universal human behavior.
In many historical societies, Soffer observes, women played a key part in net hunting, since the technique did not call for brute strength nor did it place young mothers in physical peril.
Among Australian aborigines, for example. Women as well as men knotted the mesh, laboring for as much as two or three years on a fine net. Among Native American groups, they helped lay out their handiwork on poles across a valley floor. Then the entire camp joined forces as beaters. Fanning out across the valley, men, women, and children alike shouted and screamed, flushing out game and driving it in the direction of the net. "Everybody and their mother could participate," says Soffer. "Some people were beating, others were screaming or holding the net. And once you got the net on these animals, they were immobilized. You didn’t need brute force. You could club them, hit them any old way."
→ People seldom returned home empty-handed. Researchers living among the net hunting Mbuti in the forests of the Congo report that they capture game every time they lay out their woven traps, scooping up 50 percent of the animals encountered. "Nets are a far more valued item in their panoply of food-producing things than bows and arrows are," says Adovasio. So lethal are these traps that the Mbuti generally rack up more meat than they can consume, trading the surplus with neighbors. Other net hunters traditionally smoked or dried their catch and stored it for leaner times.
→ A Softer doubts that the inhabitants of
and Pavlov were the only net makers in Ice Age Europe. B Camps stretching from Germany to Russia are littered with a notable abundance of small-game bones, from hares to birds like ptarmigan. And at least some of their inhabitants whittled bone tools that look much like the awls and net spacers favored by historical net makers.C
Although the full range of their activities is unlikely ever to be known for certain, there is good reason to believe that Ice Age women played a host of powerful
roles
. D And the research that suggests those roles is rapidly changing our mental images of the past. For Softer and others, these are exciting times. [br] Look at the four squares [■] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. Such findings, agree Softer and Adovasio, reveal just how shaky the most widely accepted reconstructions of Upper Paleolithic life are. Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.
选项
A、Square A.
B、Square B.
C、Square C.
D、Square D.
答案
C
解析
A conclusion based on evidence is a transitional device that connects the conclusion in the insert sentence to the evidence in the previous sentences. Choices A and B are not correct because the conclusion in the insert sentence would appear before the evidence. Choice D is not correct because the insert sentence would interrupt the relationship between the first and second sentences in the last paragraph.
转载请注明原文地址:http://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3333387.html
相关试题推荐
[originaltext]WelcometotheinformationlineoftheStateInvestmentSociety.
"NewWomenoftheIceAge"Thestatusofwomeninasociet
"NewWomenoftheIceAge"Thestatusofwomeninasociet
"NewWomenoftheIceAge"Thestatusofwomeninasociet
"NewWomenoftheIceAge"Thestatusofwomeninasociet
"NewWomenoftheIceAge"Thestatusofwomeninasociet
"NewWomenoftheIceAge"Thestatusofwomeninasociet
"NewWomenoftheIceAge"Thestatusofwomeninasociet
"NewWomenoftheIceAge"Thestatusofwomeninasociet
ThefoodcooperativesocietyinBrownUniversityhopestowelcomemorestudents
随机试题
WilliamKunzisacomputergenius(天才).Whenhewasjust11,Kunzstartedwri
【B1】[br]【B7】[originaltext]Buildingafterbuildingunderwater.Refugeesin
Eversincethefirstcavemandiscoveredthathecoulddrawarrowsonthegro
HowtoConductEmploymentInterviewsGenerallyspeaking,the
Supposewe______sohard.Doyouthinkwewouldhavepassedtheexamination?A、don
下列免疫不产生抗体的是A.羊细胞免疫兔 B.人血清免疫马 C.人血清免疫羊
输卵管峡部妊娠的结局多是破裂且多发生在A.妊娠5周左右 B.妊娠7周左右 C
下列作者与其作品对应有误的一项是( )。A.《一百个中国孩子的梦》——董宏遒
按交割期限,金融市场分为( )。 ①货币市场②资本市场 ③现货市场④期货市
下列材料中,属于土工复合材料的有()。A、土工布 B、塑料排水带 C、
最新回复
(
0
)