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  3. Writing Based on Reading and Listening Directions: For this task, yo

Writing Based on Reading and Listening Directions: For this task, yo

游客2024-01-03  25
问题     Writing Based on Reading and Listening
    Directions:
    For this task, you will read a passage about an academic topic and you will listen to a lecture about the same topic. You may take notes while you read and listen.
    Then you will write a response to a question that asks you about the relationship between the lecture you heard and the reading passage. Try to answer the question as completely as possible using information from the reading passage and the lecture. The question does not ask you to express your personal opinion. You may refer to the reading passage again when you write. You may use your notes to help you answer the question.
    Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on the completeness and accuracy of the content.
    You should allow 3 minutes to read the passage. Then listen to the lecture. Then allow 20 minutes to plan and write your response.
    Write your response in the space provided.
    Reading
    You will have 3 minutes to read the passage.
    Pterosaurs were flying reptiles of the order Pterosauria. They existed from the late Triassic to the end of the Cretaceous Period. Pterosaurs are often referred to as flying dinosaurs by the popular media and general public, but this is incorrect. The reasons are as follow:
    First, pterosaurs are known to be among the earliest vertebrates, meaning they must be classified as reptiles. After studying their anatomy, scientists have discovered that, like snakes, pterosaurs also belonged to the cold-blooded animal family, and we have never seen any coldblooded airborne animals in nature before.
    Second, unlike the light bones of birds, the pterosaur’s bones were heavy. Based on the fossils collected already, we can see that the size of the pterosaur was in no way small, which suggests a much greater weight. Therefore, though they may possess large wings, pterosaurs could never have flown in the air due to their heaviness.
    Third, Japanese scientist Katsufumi Sato did calculations using modern birds and decided that it was impossible for a pterosaur to stay aloft. Bearing a similar constitution to that of birds, pterosaurs should have been able to fly into the air with the help of their strong and powerful hind legs. However, the fossils discovered suggest that the muscles of this animal’s hind legs were quite underdeveloped.
    Then you will hear:
    Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.
    Lecture
   
    Question
    Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading passage.
Pterosaurs are the earliest vertebrates known to have attained powered flight during their evolution. Their wings were formed by a membrane of skin, muscle, and other tissues stretching from the ankles to a dramatically lengthened fourth finger. Therefore, those who claim that pterosaurs never developed flying capabilities are mistaken in their findings.
    To begin, scientists argued in the reading passage that pterosaurs belonged to a cold-blooded class of animals. However, more careful study of their anatomy proves that pterosaurs were actually warm-blooded. If they had been warm-blooded, unlike snakes and other reptiles, pterosaurs would actually be able to fly.
    Furthermore, the anatomy of pterosaurs was highly modified from their reptilian ancestors by the demands of flight. Pterosaur bones were hollow and air-filled, like the bones of birds. They had a keeled breastbone that was developed for the attachment of flight muscles and an enlarged brain that, when studied by modern scientists, revealed specialized features associated with flight. In some later pterosaurs, the backbone over the shoulders fused into a structure known as a notarium, which served to stiffen the torso during flight, and provide a stable support for the scapula. We can draw the conclusion that the pterosaur’s weight was actually not heavy, and their wings could support their cruising through the air.
    Finally, there was considerable debate about whether pterosaurs ambulated as quadrupeds or as bipeds. In the 1980s, paleontologist Kevin Padian suggested that smaller pterosaurs with longer hind limbs, such as dimorphodons, might have walked or even run as a biped, in addition to flying, like road runners. However, a large number of pterosaur trackways were later found with a distinctive four-toed hind foot and three-toed front foot; these are the unmistakable prints of pterosaurs walking on all fours. So unlike birds who walk with two legs, pterosaurs walked with four.
选项
答案     In the reading, a researcher claims that pterosaurs were never capable of flight, and any belief otherwise is incorrect. However, the professor states adamantly in the lecture that pterosaurs were certainly capable of flight.
    First, the reading states that pterosaurs belonged to the reptile family and were cold-blooded creatures. The professor refutes this, and claims that new evidence actually proves that pterosaurs were warm-blooded creatures, which have been capable of flight for millions of years.
    The next point in the passage is that, unlike birds, the pterosaur’s bones were actually very heavy. They may have had wings, but were never able to use them for flight. Again, the professor disagrees, and says that pterosaurs had hollow bones just like birds. Furthermore, because of their unique bone structure and body shape, they were quite capable of becoming airborne, just like a modern bird.
    One final point is that pterosaurs had weak hind legs, which would have been necessary to propel the dinosaurs off the ground. To rebut this, the professor explains that pterosaurs were not truly bipeds, but quadrupeds, meaning they walked on all four legs. This made them both unique and capable of flight.
解析     针对翼龙能不能飞的问题，阅读文章持否定意见，并给出三点理由：翼龙属于冷血动物不能飞行；翼龙的骨骼笨重；翼龙后腿疲弱不能支撑起飞。听力文章则认为这三点论据都存在问题，不够有说服力。
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