首页
登录
职称英语
Influence of the Language of Latin on EnglishI. Introduction:The influence of
Influence of the Language of Latin on EnglishI. Introduction:The influence of
游客
2023-12-09
69
管理
问题
Influence of the Language of Latin on English
I. Introduction:
The influence of Latin on Old English was profound. Reason:
It was considered as the language of a highly developed (1)______.
II. Two aspects of its influence on English
i. Influence on Words: grouped by time and (2)______
into five periods:
A. the Zero Period
—Origin; Germanic tribes’ contact with the Roman
—Characteristic: short words
—Dealing Range; military matters, cooking, trade,
and (3)______
—Example; camp, kettle, cheap, and wine
B. the First Period
—Time: borrowed during Julius Caesar’s English adventures (55 BC) and the Roman Conquest (43 -449 AD)
—Characteristic: most vanished, only a few remained as (4)______
—Example: Kent, Devon and Cumberland
C. the Second Period
—Time: from Augustine’s mission of 597
—Division; two main sub-periods
a. the Early
—Preference Range;
1) (5)______
Example: mass, pope
2) household words Example: cap, plant
3) words relating to education Example: Latin, school
—Reason underneath; Christianity’s immediate impact
on seventh-century Britain b. the Benedictine
—Characteristic: direct translation of Latin terms —Example; (6)______, resurrection
D. the Third Period
—Time; beginning in 1066 with William the Conqueror —Origin; Norman French & Latin
—Respective Characteristic; more (7)______ VS
more learned, written —Example; example/exemplary; machine/machinate —Another special point;
Untranslated Latin words are introduced (8)______
for the 1st time.
E. the Modern Period
—Time; beginning with the advent of Modern
English, usually dated to 1500. —Characteristic; compounds with roots —Field of Application of Roots; 1) widely used ones; -ation, -ana, -ite, -ism, ex-,
co-, -ist, and de-2) (9)______ used ones; mille-, matri-, menti-,
and reticul-3) commercially used ones ii. Influence on Grammar
—Origin; the artificial structure of (10)______
—Result; stigma and benefit [br]
Influence of the Language of Latin on English
Good morning. Welcome to our Lexicology class. In today’s lecture, we’ll get to know one of the most ancient languages and even now widely used almost in various fields (such as; medicine, learning, science, technology, etc.)- That is the language of Latin, which has been influencing English throughout its history. Its authority on English was profound as the Roman army and merchants gave new names to local objects such as: pea, cat, kettle, candle and a numerous number of other common words.
The influence of Latin on Old English was profound because Latin was considered the language of a highly developed civilization. The English language has drawn from Latin mainly in its vocabulary, but also in its grammar. (2) These loans are grouped, by time and substance, into five periods—the Zero, First, Second, Third, and Modern. Each of these has distinctive characteristics, both of the Latin words adopted and the process of assimilation undergone. Latin words have also been adopted to English through Modern French, Modern Italian and Norman French.
First, let’s go to the first period; the Zero Period.
It includes all English words whose etymology traces back to Germanic tribes in contact with Romans on the continent. These are all short words, easily adaptable to the inflections of early Germanic languages. (3) The tribes’ dealings with the Romans were centered in military matters, cooking, trade, and commerce, especially with wine merchants. Words current in Modern English with recognizable forms include camp, kettle, cheap, and wine.
Then comes the First Period.
This period includes words borrowed during Julius Caesar’s English adventures (55 BC) and the Roman Conquest (43 - 449 AD) , but almost none of these survived the Teutonic and Norman invasions. (4) In fact, most Celtic words in Modern English either were borrowed from recently or continued as place names, such as Kent, Devon and Cumberland. The most interesting Latin-Celtic-Old English path is that of -chester, with its variants -cester and -caster, as found in Manchester, Gloucester, and Lancaster. In Celtic, it is -ceaster, from the Latin -castra meaning encampment.
And next is the Second Period.
This period, dating from Augustine’s mission of 597, is divided into two main sub-periods, the Early and the Benedictine. (5) The Early Second Period includes words taken by the English to describe their new religion (such as mass, pope) , but also household words (such as cap, plant) and those relating to education (Latin and school). The amount and miscellany of the borrowings show the extent of Christianity’s immediate impact on seventh-century Britain. In this part of the Second Period, direct translation of Latin terms is characteristic. (6) Thus, the Late Latin trinitas (meaning three) is the Old English prines, and the Late Latin resurrectio (meaning resurrection) is the Old English aerist (meaning to arise).
Following that is the Third Period.
The Third Period begins in 1066 with William the Conqueror. With the Norman invasion came their language, Norman French, which was related more closely to Latin than was English. Because of this closeness, (7) words adopted from French (usually of a more conversational character) are considered along with those drawn from Latin itself (often more learned, and first found in written language). The dual sources of Middle English vocabulary are still apparent today: word pairs such as example/exemplary and machine/machinate show the differences between words with Norman and Latin roots. (8) This period is the first time that un-translated Latin words are introduced wholesale, in both prose and poetry. As one Latin-English translator complained in the early 1400s, ’ There are many words in Latin that we have no proper English accordance. ’ Almost all of these terms passed into general use only after being reintroduced. Others still current were from Wycliffe’s Bible, and gained currency through constant use.
The last period is the Modern Period.
The Modern Period begins with the advent of Modern English, usually dated to 1500. By the time of Thomas Eliot, the classical languages were entering English mostly as compounds, either with English or previously-assimilated words, or with her classical roots. An incomplete list of widely used classical roots includes -ation, -ana, -tie, -ism, ex-, co-, -ist, and de-, (9) while scientific English uses many more specialized ones: mille-, matri-, menti-, and reticul-, though these often come ultimately from the Greek. Latin roots are also apparent in commercial names, especially of high-tech companies, but also in many from the early days of this century. Classically derived names seem to give credence to claims to knowledge and capability.
As to Latin’s impact on English grammar, we have to say Latin’s contribution to modern English has not been based solely on derivatives. (10) The very ideas of grammar also came from the artificial structure of Classical Latin (the Latin used for poetry, oratory, and by the upper classes) . Early English was in no way an artificial or learned language, and had no grammar, no rules, nothing but conflicting precedent in everything: spelling, word order, declension, and conjugation. In this structural vacuum, those who wanted order were forced to create it, which they did by imposing classical grammar on the language. These early grammarians are the source of the stigma on ending a phrase with a preposition, of the choice we have today between who/which and that as a relative pronoun, and with the absolute participle, whose first use in English was direct translation from the Latin. While the last is a benefit, the first two lead to unnaturally worded phrases, and have no justification other than classical grammar.
So above all, Latin is so large a part of English that, even if we wanted to, we could not get rid of even one tenth of our words derived from it. Even our grammar, which has been influenced less than our vocabulary, would be amazingly different without its Latin base.
Well, so much for today’s lecture, in which we get a touch on some of the influences of Latin on English. Next time, we may move on to some interesting phenomena that appear in the language of English. See you next week.
选项
答案
civilization
解析
根据句(1)可知,拉丁语对古英语的影响之所以深远是因为拉丁语被认为是一门高度发展的文明语言。故答案填civilization。
转载请注明原文地址:http://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3259127.html
相关试题推荐
WhichofthefollowingaboutlanguageisNOTcorrect?A、Languageisarbitrary.B、
Speechacttheoryisanimportanttheoryinthe______studyoflanguage.A、semanti
Englishisoneoftheworld’smostwidelyspokenlanguages.Thisispartly
Englishisoneoftheworld’smostwidelyspokenlanguages.Thisispartly
Englishisoneoftheworld’smostwidelyspokenlanguages.Thisispartly
Englishisoneoftheworld’smostwidelyspokenlanguages.Thisispartly
Englishisoneoftheworld’smostwidelyspokenlanguages.Thisispartly
Englishisoneoftheworld’smostwidelyspokenlanguages.Thisispartly
Languageisfantasticallycomplex.Itsbuilt-inmeansofcombiningandrecom
Languageisfantasticallycomplex.Itsbuilt-inmeansofcombiningandrecom
随机试题
InBritain,theoldRoadTrafficActrestrictedspeedsto2m.p.h.(milesper
根据运价制定的原理,对于运力过剩、货源不足的运输线路,一般适合于( )。A.增
Thechangeinthatvillagewasmiraculou
甲企业于2014年3月竞得一宗100000m2的国有土地使用权,规划容积率为3.
人类行为的特点主要有()A.适应性 B.单一性 C.动态性 D.指向性
不符合完全型葡萄胎的描述是A.染色体核型为二倍 B.染色体核型多为46XX
以下关于公司可持续增长率的描述,错误的是()。 A.利润率越高,销售增长越快
中学生品德发展的基本特征有哪些?
进行德育时要有一定的理想性和方向性.以指导学生向正确的方向发展,这体现了德育的(
甲公司因与乙公司合同纠纷申请仲裁,要求解除合同。某仲裁委员会经审理裁决解除双方合
最新回复
(
0
)