首页
登录
职称英语
Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid devel
Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid devel
游客
2023-11-21
62
管理
问题
Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?
The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modem scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.
A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent time.
The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of "facts" and "theories" or "facts" and "ideas"—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.
Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact. [br] According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is ______.
选项
A、the similarity between the two periods
B、that it was an act of God
C、that both tried to develop the inductive method
D、due to the decline of the deductive method
答案
B
解析
细节归纳题。第一段最后一句话讲的是上天的安排,这是作家运用方法论失败后得出的结论。
转载请注明原文地址:http://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3206125.html
相关试题推荐
Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevel
Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevel
Youhavetobe______whenyoutrytoworkoutmathematicalformulas.A、reasonabl
Amodelofthedevelopmentoftheinformationsciencesisdescribedandused
Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,,aftertheirfirstrapiddeve
Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,,aftertheirfirstrapiddeve
Probabilityisthemathematicalstudyofthe______ofanevent’soccurrence.A、pr
Mathematicalabilityandmusicalabilityarecloselyconnected.Mybook"Lat
Mathematicalabilityandmusicalabilityarecloselyconnected.Mybook"Lat
Mathematicalabilityandmusicalabilityarecloselyconnected.Mybook"Lat
随机试题
Evengeologistisfamiliarwiththeerosioncycle.Nosoonerhasanareaof
Theexplorationofinternationalbusinessisanexciting,important,andne
在如图1所示的系统中,R1、R2、R3的失效率均是0.01,那么整个系统的失效率
(2016年真题)下列关于利用未公开信息交易的刑事责任的表述中,说法正确的是(
A.足太阳经B.足阳明经C.足少阳经D.足太阳经E.足厥阴经分布在下肢内侧中线的
某房地产开发项目预计总投资3000万元,则该项目最低资本金为()万元。A
经过50多年的发展,我国台湾地区资本市场建立起由“证券交易集中市场--上柜市场-
非联合型学习()。A.习惯化 B.敏感化 C.条件反射 D.长时程增
甲公司与乙公司就某一合同纠纷进行仲裁,根据甲、乙双方当事人的意愿首先进行了调解
因建筑公司拖欠工资,一批农民工欲集体委托诉讼代理人提起民事诉讼。他们委托的诉讼代
最新回复
(
0
)