首页
登录
职称英语
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set
游客
2023-11-19
62
管理
问题
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logic nature--those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable of error-free logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the last two decades’ research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA (Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.
AURA solves a problem by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. Program does not learn, nor is it self-analytical, but it reaches logical conclusions flawlessly. It used various types of reasoning and, more important, has access to very powerful and sophisticated logical strategies. AURA seldom relies on brute force to find solutions. Instead it solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction. One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For example, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the system’s design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactor’s design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy, known as the set of support strategy, lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem. Almost never does the program proceed by carrying out an exhaustive search.
The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist "expert systems" that include a component for reasoning. An expert system is a special purpose program designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert programs, unlike human experts, do not die. Such systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be replicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.
Will the computer replace the human being? Certainly not. It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce--that is, design more clever computer programs and more efficient, more useful components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem, and redirect their attack on a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Their impact will be felt in design, manufacturing, law, medicine, and other areas. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas. These ideas will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided. [br] Which of the following is NOT mentioned as areas from applying AURA?
选项
A、Electronic engineering.
B、Nuclear engineering.
C、Mathematic and formal logic.
D、Medical diagnosis.
答案
C
解析
由第三段第一句的electronic circuit design validation、第二段的后半段以及第三段第三句的 medical diagnosis可知,AURA已经在电子工程、核工业以及医疗方面进行了应用,即文中提到了A 、B 、 D 三项。文中并没有提到AURA在数学和形式逻辑方面的应用,故答案为C 。
转载请注明原文地址:http://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3200163.html
相关试题推荐
______isnoreasonfordismissingher.A、BecauseshewasafewminuteslateB、Owi
______wealthydoesnotnecessarilymeanthatamanisgreedy.A、Forthereasont
______whatmay,we’renotgoingtomakeanyconcessionstohisunreasonabledema
______isnoreasonfordischargingher.A、BecauseshewasafewminuteslateB、Ow
Thereasonwhyhefailedis______hewastoocareless.A、becauseB、thatC、forD、be
Itisuptothegovernmentto______therightsofindividualcitizens.A、withdraw
VirusesFindNewWaystoWormintoComputersJ
VirusesFindNewWaystoWormintoComputersJ
VirusesFindNewWaystoWormintoComputersJ
VirusesFindNewWaystoWormintoComputersJ
随机试题
ThesentencethatexpressesOFFERisA、Howaboutgoingtothebeachafterclass?
[originaltext]AreyouJim?Cladtomeetyou![/originaltext][audioFiles]audio_e
[originaltext]M:Whatwouldyoudoifyouheardastrangenoiseinthemiddleo
教育行政复议申请人在申请行政复议时()一并提出行政赔偿请求。A.必须 B.不
根据我国现行建筑安装工程费用组成的规定,工地现场材料采购人员的工资应计入:(
某女,40岁,脘腹胀满,不思饮食,恶心呕吐,嗳气吞酸,肢体沉重,倦怠嗜卧,舌苔白
对于资产定义的理解,下列说法错误的有()。A:资产的实质是经济资源 B:资产的
下列建筑或场所中,应设置火灾自动报警系统的有()。A.总建筑面积为3000㎡的
社会评价的工作重点不存在于项目的()周期阶段。A.项目前期阶段 B.项目准备
表示某地2000至2008年肝炎病例的年龄分布,宜采用A、直方图 B、线图
最新回复
(
0
)